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MODERN ERA

MODERN ERA. INTERACTIONS: IMPERIALISM 1750 - 1914. IMPERIALISM. Motives of imperialism Modern imperialism Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activities Two types of modern colonialism

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MODERN ERA

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  1. MODERN ERA INTERACTIONS: IMPERIALISM 1750 - 1914

  2. IMPERIALISM • Motives of imperialism • Modern imperialism • Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands • Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activities • Two types of modern colonialism • Colonies ruled and populated by migrants • Colonies controlled without significant settlement • Economic motives of imperialism • European merchants made personal fortunes • Expansion to obtain raw materials • Colonies were potential markets for products • Political motives • Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations • Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions • Cultural justifications of imperialism • Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia • "Civilizing mission“/"white man's burden“ justified expansion

  3. IMPERIALISM • Tools of empire • Transportation technologies supported imperialism • Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia • Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial power • Western military technologies increasingly powerful • Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns • In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in five hours • Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies • Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India to weeks • Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900 • Difference between colonialism and imperialism

  4. OPIUM WARS • 1795 Maccauley Mission and After • British send diplomatic, trade delegation to China • Chinese tell British they are not interested in trade • China made mistake of underestimating Europeans • Forced British, Europeans to trade through Canton • Chinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for silver • Chinese refused to trade for manufactures • Opium trade • A serious threat to Qing dynasty by 19th century • Cohong system restricted foreign merchants to Canton • China had much to offer, but little demand for European products • East India Company cultivated opium to trade for Chinese goods • British found that Chinese would trade for opium • 1810: 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly • By 1839, 40,000 chests traded yearly • Opium draining revenue, destroying economy, society • By 1838, 1% of 400 million Chinese were addicted • The Opium War (1839-1842) • Commissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop trade • British merchants refused • Lin confiscated, destroyed 20,000 chests of opium • British reaction • British retaliated, easily crushed Chinese forces, destroyed Grand Canal • British navy destroyed Chinese navy with steam gunboats • British army invades and emperor sues for peace • 2nd Opium war erupts in 1850s which the British won • British begin using Hong Kong and five other ports • 2nd Opium War in 1860s: France, UK crush China

  5. CHINA: UNEQUAL TREATIES • Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from Qing dynasty • Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 • Britain gained right to opium trade • Obtained most-favored-nation status • Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain • Called unequal treaties • Made with western countries and Japan • Extraterritoriality • Foreigners not subject to Chinese laws • Criminal acts tried in Western courts • Chinese crimes against westerners tried in western courts • By 1900, China lost control of economy to foreigners • Foreigners invest in China, control industry • Ninety ports open to foreign powers • Foreigners issued own stamps, had own post • Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power • Foreign powers seized Chinese tribute states • Vietnam (France) • Burma (United Kingdom) • Korea, Taiwan (Japan) • Effective partition of China by 1898 • China carved into spheres of economic influence • France: Southern China • UK: Canton area, Shantung area, Yangzte River, Tibet • Russia: Manchuria, Sinkjiang • Japan: Amoy area across from Taiwan, Southern Manchuria • Chinese government ineffective • Foreign merchants, missionaries free to run about country • Foreign legations (embassies) control many cities • Western, Japanese ships sail up, down rivers without interruption

  6. CHINA & CONCESSIONS

  7. EMPIRE IN ASIA • The British empire in India • Company rule under the English East India Company • EIC took advantage of Mughal (Persian) decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s • Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay • Ruled with small British force, Indian troops called sepoys • Sepoy Rebellion, 1857: attacks on British led to reprisals • British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858 • British viceroy and high-level British civil service ruled India • British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic, foreign policy • Indians held low-level bureaucratic positions • Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) • Introduction of commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium • Built railroads, telegraph lines, canals, harbors, irrigation • Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion • Established English-style schools for Indian elites • Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (sati)

  8. EMPIRE IN ASIA • Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia • "Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in central Asia • By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers of British India • Russian and British explorers mapped, scouted, but never colonized Afghanistan • Russian dominance of central Asia lasted until 1991 • Dutch East India Company held tight control of Indonesia (Dutch East India) • British colonies in southeast Asia • Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880s • Port of Singapore founded 1824; was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s • French Indochina created, 1859-1893 • Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty • French encouraged conversion to Christianity, established western-style schools • Thailand left in place as buffer between Burma and Indochina

  9. IMPERIALISM IN ASIA

  10. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA • 1875 and 1900 • European powers seized almost the entire continent • Early explorers charted the waters, gathered information on resources • Missionaries like David Livingstone set up mission posts • Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s • To protect their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882 • South Africa • Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in seventeenth century • By 1800 was a European settler colony with enslaved black African population • British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833 • British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands • Mid-19TH century, they established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860 • Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands; influx of British settlers • Boer War, 1899-1902: British defeated Afrikaners, Union of South Africa

  11. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA • The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 • European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited • Occupation, supported by European armies, established colonial rule in Africa • By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled by European powers • Colonial rule challenging and expensive • "Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to private companies • empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads • made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo • unprofitable, often replaced by more direct rule • Direct rule: replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model • justified by "civilizing mission" • hard to find enough European personnel • Indirect rule: control over subjects through local institutions--British model • worked best in African societies that were highly organized • assumed firm tribal boundaries where often none existed

  12. AFRICA 1880 & 1914

  13. EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC • Australia and New Zealand • Both became settler colonies in the Pacific • 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it suitable for settlement • 1788, one thousand settlers established colony of New South Wales • Became a penal colony after loss of Georgia in American Revolution • 1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration to Australia • Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted European settlers • Europeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populations • European flora and fauna replaced most native species • Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal lands

  14. EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC • Pacific Islands • Spain and the Pacific • Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19th century (Philippines, Micronesia) • Spanish yearly shipments of silver from Mexico to China ended in 1812 • Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century • Early American visitors to the Pacific • American Whalers throughout region after American revolution • American merchants on way to China began in 19th century • California Gold Rush open Pacific coast to immigrants from Europe, China • US challenged rule in 1854 when Commodore Perry forced Japan to open ports • Some missionaries active especially in Hawaii and on way to China • Late nineteenth century, • European states sought coaling stations and naval ports • 1867: USA acquires Alaska, Wake Island • 1898: USA acquires Hawaii, Philippines, Guam • 1899: German buys remaining Spanish islands • By 1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States. • Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano

  15. EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC

  16. U.S. IMPERIALISM • Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism • Americans push west after American revolution • Drove Indians from land • US purchases Louisiana from France • Opened up West to settlement • Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent • The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America • 1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe • Opposed European imperialism in the Americas • Justified American interventions in late 19th, 20th century • Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867 • United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898 • Tended to leave area open only for American investments, loans • The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848 • US annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico • US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory • Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great Basin follows • 1867 – 1898 • Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Economic interests in Hawaii lead to revolution, annexation in 1898 • The Spanish-American War (1898-99) • US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines • US and Philippines • Backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony • 1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory • The Panama Canal, 1903-1914 • Colombian government refused U.S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus • US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal • Completed in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific

  17. Major Imperialistic Powers!!!

  18. Four stories of imperialism • Belgium • France • Great Britain • Japan

  19. Belgium • The Belgium Revolution occurred in 1830 • Leopold I became King in 1831 • His son Leopold II took power in 1865 • Under their rules Belgium became the second most important industrial power! • After becoming one of the industrialized powers in Europe, Belgium wanted to secure its economic independence by beginning to explore the idea of colonization.

  20. Belgium’s move into Africa • Leopold II backed an expedition into the Congo Basin (see map on next slide!). • During the expedition, contact was made with chiefs in the Congo Basin and a confederation of states was formed. • Soon after this, the Conference of Berlin was held. • What’s that, hmmmm????

  21. Conference of Berlin • After the interior of Africa had been “discovered” by Belgium, many European nations immediately started scrambling into Africa. (Only those who were industrialized) • The Conference of Berlin was called because many nations were trying to stake claim in the Congo.

  22. The outcome of the Conference of Berlin –the “Scramble for Africa”. “Scramble for Africa”- the growth of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and World War I in 1914.

  23. The General Act of Berlin States: • The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo, some two million square kilometers, was made essentially the property of Léopold II • Free trade open to all! • The Niger and Congo Rivers were made free for ship traffic. • An international prohibition of the slave trade was signed. • Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to be notified by the power taking possession, or assuming a protectorate, to the other signatory powers. • In the end, Africa was divided between the main powers of Europe

  24. Back to Belgium… • After the Conference of Berlin, Belgium was able to keep full “ownership” of Congo. • Belgium proceeded to take resources out of the Congo such as Ivory and Rubber.

  25. France • France’s first colonial empire was in the Americas and parts of India (light blue)

  26. France’s second colonial empire • France took control of areas of SE Asia (Which became French Indonesia) • France invaded Algeria in 1830 and continued to take on African territory. • Under the Conference of Berlin, France was granted an east-west axis of the continent (aka Control of east-west Africa)

  27. Great Britain • The First British colonial empire was in North America...the 13 colonies? Remember what happened?

  28. Second British colonial empire • After the British lost its colonies in the Americas (American Revolution) they turned their attention elsewhere. • Who caught their eye? • Australia (became the British island for criminals) • India, Egypt, parts of SE Asia, and parts of Africa.

  29. The sun never sets on the British Empire! • Under the Conference of Berlin, Great Britain was awarded a north-south axis of the African continent (aka control of north-south Africa) I still see you! Here I am again! I see you!

  30. Japan- with its own sphere of influence… • Japan was also known as an imperialistic power at this time. • Japan’s sphere of influence remained mostly in and around Asia. • After victories in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War European nations and the United States recognized Japan as a world power.

  31. Territories held by the Japanese Empire until 1945 (End of WWII)

  32. A little later… • We will see the effects that imperialism had on the world (both short and long term!).

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