Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization

1. Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization

2. Homework Review Questions: • Define the following terms: Bessemer Process, Interstate Commerce Act, Robber Baron, Captain of Industry • Critical Thinking: If the US had been poor in natural resources, how do you think industrialization would have been affected? • Opinion: Which invention or development of this period had the greatest impact on society? Explain your decision.

3. Outline • The “Gilded Age” • Corporate Structures • Businesses and Technology • Social Darwinism & Laissez Faire • Labor and urbanization • Immigration and “National Culture”

4. Industrialization: Introduction • What made America in the 1880s so different from the 1860s was a new industrial order. • The process of industrialization had begun at least three decades before the Civil War. • Small factories had produced light consumer goods like clothing, shoes, and furniture. They catered to local markets in an economy of farmers and merchants. • They could not meet the demands of the rapidly growing national market.

5. “The Gilded Age” • Consolidation and Mergers • Anti-competition & monopoly • Pools, Trusts, & Stock • No government • Anti-union • No taxes, liability, regulation

6. Industry & Mechanization • Standardized parts • Mass production • Routine labor • Low wages • De-skilled labor • Hierarchies • Technology

7. Natural Resources and Industrial Technology

8. Corporations • Andrew Carnegie: U.S. Steel (1870s) • John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil (1880s) • Vertical & horizontal organization • Scientific management • Monopolies

9. Entrepreneurs(Robber Barons) • Andrew Carnegie • Made his fortune in the steel industry. • Used economic depressions to buyout his competitors and expand. • Carnegie Integrates Steel

10. Standard Oil, 1906

11. The Corporation • The growing scale of enterprise led to the use of the corporation, which was a form of ownership. • A corporation could raise large sums quickly by selling “stock certificates” or shares in its business. • It could also outlive its owners. • It limited liability – owners were no longer responsible for corporate debts. • Professional managers now operated complex businesses because owners were no longer responsible for day-to-day management of the company.

12. Improvements in Industrial Technologies • Steel could be refined from iron (cheaply) (Bessemer process developed in 1850s) • Allowed for the production of telephones, typewriters, adding machines, sewing machines, cameras, elevators, and farm machinery – and lowered consumer prices. • New distilling methods allowed kerosene and gasoline to be refined from crude oil.

13. The Growth of Big Business • J.P. Morgan – financier (investment banker) – bought up railroads during the Panic of 1893 • Merger movement - bought out Carnegie’s steel holdings for $500 million and created United States Steel Corporation (1st billion-dollar corporation) • Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck dominated the mail-order industry and helped create a truly national market (1890s) The catalog (6 million distributed per year) became second most read book in the nation (Bible was 1st)

14. The Growth of Big Business • Corporate Defenders • The Gospel of Wealth - “super wealthy demonstrated the superiority of the free enterprise system” • Social Darwinism and “survival of fittest” • Rising standard of living for most • Corporate Critics - Working conditions • Average workweek: 59 hours. (6 – 10 hour workdays). Many worked 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. • Poor health and safety conditions in factories. • 1913 – 25,000 factory fatalities & 700,000 injuries that required at least a month’s disability.

15. The Railroad • National power • Centralized control • Trans-national markets • Nationwide distribution • Homogenization • Job creation & destruction

16. National Markets and the Expansion of the Railroad • Railroads helped tie the nation together by lowering transportation costs railroads. • Allowed manufacturers to reduce prices, attract more buyers, and increase business.

18. Social Darwinism & Laissez Faire • Theory of capitalism • “Free markets” = no government intervention • Consumer demand • Competition creates innovation and keeps prices low • Individuals could improve condition

19. Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer • Distorted Charles Darwin’s “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” • Social & economic system was natural • Poor were naturally poor, rich were naturally rich • No gov’t intervention

20. Problems with Philosophy • Tariffs • Railroad Land Grants • Federal subsidies • Blame the poor • Laws written for & by rich elite men • Racism • Force used to benefit corporations • No competition

21. Technological Innovations • Alexander Graham Bell, 1876 • Thomas A. Edison (phonograph) 1877 • Electric light bulb 1879 • Pressure sealed tin cans • Bessemer Process, steel • Replace workers with technology

22. Manufacturing and Inventions: Electricity • Thomas Edison invented the first successful incandescent light bulb, making electric light available. (1879) • His company, General Electric, created a unified electrical power system. • By 1898 he had setup 3000 power stations lighting more than 2 million bulbs as well as powering trolley cars, subways, and factory machinery. • Factories no longer had to cluster around waterfalls and coal supplies.

23. Thomas Edison & Alexander BellLight bulb Telephone

24. Edison & Phonograph, 1870s

25. Nikola Tesla • Famous for inventing Alternating Current electricity (as opposed to Edison’s Direct Current [DC]) • Though Edison beat him in life (Tesla died penniless), today we all use Tesla’s far superior AC, not Edison’s DC.

26. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door! ~ The New Colossus, by Emma Lazarus, 1883

28. Immigration, 1880-1920 • Italians, Polish, Greek, Hungarian, Slavic, Jewish, Russian, Mexican, Chinese • Labor Compartmentalization • Polish = Steel • Russian Jews = Street Vendors

29. Faces of America

30. Urbanization • Growth of industries concentrated people & power in cities • Industrialization pushed people off the land • Technological advances: elevators, sewage, piped water, electricity, subways, electric streetcar (1888), refrigeration increased urbanization

31. Cities and Populations • New York (40%) • Chicago (42%) • San Fran (45%) • El Paso (31%) • Foreign Born

32. City Life • Fast Growth • Few social services or regulations • Tenement buildings • Settlement Houses • Multicultural & ethnically organized

33. Labor • 1860 – 4.3 million industrial workers • 1900 – 20 million industrial workers • The pool of labor came from a huge influx of European immigrants as well as a massive migration of rural Americans. • Also, growing number of women and children.

34. Labor Unrest • It was difficult for workers to organize. • Property rights were respected more than labor rights. • Workers were a diverse group that resisted forming unions. • Disorganized Protest • Even without unions, workers staged spontaneous protests over long working hours and wage cuts. • Often became violent.

35. Toward Permanent Unions • National Labor Union (1866) • Persuaded Congress to enact an 8-hour workday for federal employees and repeal the 1964 Contract Labor Law, which bound immigrants to employers in exchange for passage to America. • Died out in the 1870s after the death of its president. • The Knights of Labor • Started in 1869 but became a national organization in 1878. • 700,000 members by 1886. • Liberal membership policy. • Preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to pressure employers.

36. Labor Unrest • Homestead Steel Strike (1892) • 300 Pinkerton detectives were used to barricade the plant and bust the unions. • 9 workers and 7 Pinkerton agents killed. • 8,000 state militiamen called in to put down the strike. The union was dead. • Pullman strike (1894) • Started in Chicago 3,000 railway workers were laid off and wages cut 25-40 percent. • President Cleveland sent in federal troops to protect interstate commerce. • Eugene V. Debs and the Socialist Party • Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

37. Significant Events 1859 First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania 1866 National Labor Union founded  1870 Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil  1876 Alexander G. Bell invents telephone  1879 Edison develops incandescent lightbulb  1882 Standard Oil Company becomes nation’s first trust  1883 Railroads establish standard time zones  1886 Haymarket Square bombing  1894 Pullman Strike Chapter 19

38. Immigration and National Culture • 1870-1910, 20 million immigrants • Southern & eastern Europe • Culture, language, religion, ethnicity • Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans • Chain Migration • Assimilation stripped people of their cultures, attacked diversity, and tried to make them into WASPs

39. Immigrant Life • Ethnic enclaves • Organizations and self-help • Language schools • Newspapers • Marriage • Employment

40. Chinese Immigration • 1870: 63,000 Chinese, most in CAL • 22% in Idaho • 1930: 470,000 in U.S • 90% in West • Railroads, mining, service sector of cities

41. Nativism • As American as apple pie • Anti-immigrant fears of non-northern European groups • Quasi-scientific • Racial purity & Anglo-Saxonism • Labor-based • 1792 Naturalization Act

42. Anti-Chinese Nativism • Foreign miners tax, 1852 • Ineligible for citizenship due to 1790 law barring naturalization of “non-white” immigrants • Tax repealed by 1870 civ rights act • 1878: Denied citizenship due to race • 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act (laborers) • 1888: “All Chinese” • 1902: Renewed law

43. Continued… • Exclusionary laws passed on racial and economic basis to protect white businesses • 1878 CAL Const. Convention: “Were the Chinese to amalgamate…it would be the most vile and degraded of our race…a hybrid of the most despicable, a mongrel of the most detestable that has ever afflicted the earth.” John F. Miller • 1880 CA: barred marriage between whites and “negroes, mulattos, and Mongolians.”

45. Conclusions • Good & Bad impact of technology • Rise of National Corporations • New Business Structures • Social Darwinism • Immigration and Urbanization • Racism and immigration policy