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Unit 3 industrialization, immigration and urbanization

REVIEW. Unit 3 industrialization, immigration and urbanization. WHAT INGREDIENTS ARE NECESSARY FOR AN INDUSTRIAL “BOOM”?. ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES. Coal (for heating) Iron ore (essential ingredient for steel) Oil. Bessemer-Kelly process. NEW TECHNOLOGIES.

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Unit 3 industrialization, immigration and urbanization

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  1. REVIEW Unit 3 industrialization, immigration and urbanization

  2. WHAT INGREDIENTS ARE NECESSARY FOR AN INDUSTRIAL “BOOM”?

  3. ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES • Coal (for heating) • Iron ore (essential ingredient for steel) • Oil

  4. Bessemer-Kelly process NEW TECHNOLOGIES • Named after British inventor (Sir Henry Bessemer) • Stumbled upon earlier by Kentucky manufacturer William Kelly • Cold air blown on red-hot iron caused metal to become white-hot by igniting the carbon and eliminating impurities • Made possible the production of steel from iron 1 8 5 0 s

  5. INDUSTRIALISTS(“CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY” or “ROBBER BARONS”) • Andrew Carnegie (Steel) • John D. Rockefeller (Oil)

  6. NEW BUSINESS PRACTICES • manufacturing • mass production • mechanization • corporations • vertical integration (suppliers) + horizontal integration (competitors) = monopoly (“trust”)

  7. LABOR FORCE • Unskilled labor supplied by…. • …influx of immigrants (from Southern and Eastern Europe) Italians, Russians, etc. coming through Ellis Island • …immigrants from Asia (Chinese and Japanese) coming through Angel Island

  8. LACK OF GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT • laissez-faire

  9. WHAT are some IMPACTS of industrialization

  10. URBANIZATION • overcrowding • lack of sanitation • poor working conditions • low wages = poverty • culture shock • ghetto • slum • tenement

  11. NATIVISM • Chinese Exclusion Act • Gentlemen’s Agreement • Anti-Catholic sentiment (against Irish, Italian) • anti-Semitism (against Jews)

  12. Angel Island (1910) • Six miles offshore from San Francisco • Opened in 1910 to process and detain Asian immigrants • Over 30 percent were denied entry

  13. Chinese Exclusion Act • Prohibited Chinese immigrant laborers from entering the U.S. for ten years • Denied U.S. citizenship to Chinese nationals living in the United States. • (Renewed for ten-year periods all the way up to World War II, when China became ally) 1 8 8 2

  14. Gentlemen’s Agreement(1906) • San Francisco school board ordered students of Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent to attend separate public school • Japanese government protested • President (Teddy) Roosevelt got school board to change its mind • Japan agreed to limit issuance of passports to the U.S.

  15. UNIONS AND LABOR UNREST • American Federation of Labor (and other unions) • strikes (such as the Homestead Strike)

  16. Samuel Gompers • British-born labor leader • Immigrated to NY in 1863 • Cigar-maker and union organizer • Led cigar-makers out of Knights of Labor to form AFL in 1886 • 1st president of AFL • Served until 1924 1 8 8 6

  17. Samuel Gompers • Opposed radicalism • Argued against political involvement • Focus on economic goals • Favored tactics: strikes and boycotts • Stressed importance of national organization over local or international ones 1 8 8 6

  18. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Loose alliance of national craft unions • Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 • Restricted membership to skilled workers • Avoided politics • Goals: higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions 1 8 8 6

  19. Homestead Strike 1 8 9 2

  20. Homestead Strike • A company decision to crush the workers’ union provoked this strike • Homestead steel plant in Pittsburgh (Andrew Carnegie’s) • Company offiicials effectively broke the strike and destroyed the union • Company tactics: ruthless force and strikebreakers • Public supported company 1 8 9 2

  21. WHAT ARE SOME CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION?? INDUSTRIALIZATION: Long-term results

  22. BENEFITS TO SOCIETY • Steel provided source for bridges, skyscrapers, modern production • Oil provided source of energy for heat (and later automobile industry) • Increase in overall standard of living • “Gospel of Wealth” • philanthropy • diverse population

  23. PROBLEMS TO SOCIETY • Unsanitary and crowded urban areas • Poor conditions for workers • Child labor • Widening gap between rich and poor • labor unrest • diverse population • nativism • racism

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