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Introduction to Computers

Section 4A. Introduction to Computers. Decimal Number System. Called base 10 because 10 symbols are available. Binary Number System. Computers function in base 2, or the binary number system, where there are only two values. Bit. A combination of binary digit

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Introduction to Computers

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  1. Section 4A Introduction to Computers

  2. Decimal Number System • Called base 10 because 10 symbols are available

  3. Binary Number System • Computers function in base 2, or the binary number system, where there are only two values

  4. Bit • A combination of binary digit • The smallest possible unit of data a computer can recognize or use

  5. Byte • A group of eight bits

  6. Text Codes • EBCDIC • ASCII • Unicode

  7. CPU • The CPU is the computer’s “brain” that manipulates data

  8. CPU’s Two Basic Parts • Control unit • Arithmetic logic unit

  9. Control Unit • Manages all the computer’s resources

  10. Arithmetic Logic Unit • Performs the CPU’s arithmetic and logical operations

  11. Machine Cycle • The completed series of steps the CPU takes to execute an instruction

  12. Machine Cycle’s Two Cycles • Instruction cycle • Execution cycle

  13. Instruction Cycle • Fetching • Decoding

  14. Execution Cycle • Executing • Storing

  15. Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) • The CPU performance measurement

  16. Pipelining • Also called pipeline processing • The control unit begins a new machine cycle before the current cycle is completed

  17. Memory • Allows the CPU to store and retrieve data quickly

  18. Two Kinds of Memory • Read-only memory (ROM): nonvolatile • Random-access memory (RAM): volatile

  19. ROM • ROM always holds the same data, for example the computer’s start-up instructions

  20. RAM • RAM’s job is to hold programs and data while they are in use • RAM can change instantly

  21. Other Kinds of RAM • Dynamic RAM (DRAM) • DRAM Variations • Static RAM (SRAM)

  22. Factors Affecting Processing Speed • Registers • Memory and computing power • System clock • The bus • The databus • The address bus • Cache memory

  23. Bus Types • Industry standard architecture (ISA) bus • Local bus • Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus • Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus • Universal Serial Bus (USB) • IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

  24. Data Transfer Rate • The amount of data buses can transfer in a second • Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or megabytes per second (MBps)

  25. Cache memory • Speeds processing by storing frequently used data or instructions in its high-speed memory

  26. Section 4A • Transforming Data Into Information

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