1 / 43

Maximizing the User Experience

Maximizing the User Experience A comprehensive suite of level-of-detail (LOD) techniques for modern high-end F2P games 最优化用户体验 整套细节级别（ LOD ）技术全面运用于现代高端 F2P 游戏中. Speaker Introduction. Christopher Pfeiffer Balanced Worlds, CEO 14 years in the games industry

inoke
Download Presentation

Maximizing the User Experience

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Maximizing the User Experience A comprehensive suite of level-of-detail (LOD) techniques for modern high-end F2P games 最优化用户体验整套细节级别（LOD）技术全面运用于现代高端F2P游戏中

  2. Speaker Introduction Christopher Pfeiffer • Balanced Worlds, CEO • 14 years in the games industry • University of Michigan, BSE in Computer Engineering 主讲人介绍 费浩然 • 和谐世界（北京）软件科技有限公司，首席执行官 • 十四年游戏行业从业经验 • 密歇根大学，计算机工程学位

  3. Games Created研发项目

  4. Balanced Worlds和谐世界地理位置

  5. LOD BasicsLOD基本原理

  6. What is LOD? Level of Detail • The goal is to make highly interactive experiences while using less resources • The reduction in complexity comes from graphical reductions, algorithmic simplifications, and heuristic process culling 何为LOD？ 细节级别 • 旨在用更少的资源获得更佳的互动体验效果 • 复杂程度的降低源自图形的减少，算法的简化，以及探索法流程的筛选

  7. Why is LOD important? One reason: Quality • The same game will provide completely different player experiences depending on whether its running at 15, 30, or 60 FPS • Greater complexity results in more immersion • As a game developer, you will never be able to do everything that you want to do LOD为何重要？ 一个原因：为了品质 • 同一款游戏，当采用15，30或60的不同帧速时，所带来用户体验效果会完全不同 • 更高的复杂性会更加的引人入胜 • 作为游戏开发人员，要实现所有想法几乎是不可能的

  8. Performance • All team members must care about the frame rate • Games are entertainment; its ok to deceive the player 性能表现 • 所有项目成员都必须关注帧频 • 游戏是为了娱乐，“欺瞒”玩家也是可以的

  9. Accountability • Accountability is critical • Good performance does not happen naturally • Everyone must know who is reasonable for making sure that the frame rate is good 责任承担 • 责任承担至关重要 • 良好的性能表现不会自然成就 • 每个人都应该清楚该怎样合理地确保帧频良好

  10. Budgets Performance Budgets MUST be maintained • If you don’t know how much time a system is taking during a frame, you don’t know if it is complete • Need in-game profiling tools • Provide testers with tools • Target your game’s trouble spots 预算 必须满足性能预算要求 • 如果你不清楚系统在每一帧要花费的时间，你就无法知道它的完成状态 • 需要游戏中的剖析工具 • 为测试者提供工具 • 瞄准游戏的问题点

  11. 2 Common Issues Pops! Flip- Flop 两个常见问题 “突现” “正反复振”

  12. Pops! Why avoid pops? • They distract players from the game experience Types of pops • Graphical • Simulation “突现” 为何要避免“突现” ？ • 它们会分散玩家精力，降低游戏体验效果 “突现”分类 • 图像 • 模拟仿真

  13. Flip-Flop Rapid switching between states causes many problems 2 Methods to resolve it • Use separate test criteria for entering and exiting a state • Smooth out the metric across frames “正反复振” 不同状态间的快速切换会带来很多问题 两个解决办法 • 针对某种状态的“进入”和“退出”采用不同的测试标准 • 平滑各帧间的进制

  14. LOD Control MechanismsLOD控制机制

  15. LOD Selection How does the game decide which LOD to use? Static methods • Algorithm selection and fixed parameter values Adaptive methods • Reactive and predictive LOD选择 游戏是如何确定该用哪个LOD的呢？ 静态方法 • 算法选择及参数值处理 适配办法 • 应对及预测

  16. Perception Based LOD Trigger LOD changes based on the objects state on screen • Distance squared • 2d relative speed on screen • 2d distance from players’ focal point (the reticule) • 3d depth order • Drawn or not drawn 基于认知的LOD 根据屏幕出现物体来触发LOD变化 • 距离的平方 • 屏幕上二维相对速度 • 玩家焦点（分度线）的二维距离 • 三维纵深顺序 • 绘入还是不绘

  17. Performance Based LOD Metrics • Simple metrics • More complex • The point is that there lot of options available 基于性能的LOD 度量体系 • 简单度量 • 稍复杂 • 观点就是有很多可选方案

  18. User Selected LOD Game players want control • Users often have divergent desires • Still need to group options to make them intuitive 基于用户选择的LOD 游戏玩家希望能够控制 • 玩家通常会有很多不同的欲望 • 仍然需要分组选项来实现直观性

  19. Specific LOD Types • Graphical LOD • Skeletal LOD • Simulation LOD • AI LOD 特定的LOD类型 • 图形LOD • 骨骼LOD • 模拟仿真LOD • 人工智能LOD

  20. Graphical LOD图形LOD

  21. Resolution Resolution can be thought of a static LOD • Pixel fill rate • LOD’ing one feature sometimes affects other features’ LOD requirements 分辨率 分辨率可以想象为一种静态的LOD • 像素填充频率 • 对某一特性运用LOD有时会影响其他特性的LOD需求

  22. Shaders Shaders • Pixel pop • Shader swap often done at model swap time • Depending on your requirements, there are a myriad of possible LOD options 材质球 材质球 • 像素突现 • 材质球的替换经常发生在模型替换时 • 根据需求不同，有许多LOD的可能选择

  23. Model Swapping Method • Assign each LOD of a model a distance range • Calculate distance from the camera and select the LOD Improvements • LOD distances per mesh • Cross-fade technique 模型替换 方法 • 对每一模型的LOD确定其对应的距离范围 • 从镜头处计算距离并选择适当的LOD 改进方案 • 根据每一网格确定LOD距离 • 同时淡出淡入的软切换技术

  24. Model Swapping Production • Artists need to make all of the LOD models for each asset • Artists must adjust both shader and model LODs together in-game 模型替换 生产过程 • 美工需要对每一资产进行全套LOD模型的制作 • 美工必须在游戏中同时调整材质球和模型的LOD

  25. Precomputed Lighting 3 Stage Example • Highest detail-level stores global illumination information • Medium detail-level just stores a color per texel • Low detail-level is vertex lit faces without a texture 预计算光照 三个级别举例 • 最高细节级别包含有全局照明信息 • 中等细节级别只保存每个材素点的颜色信息 • 低细节级别是不包括材质的顶点照亮面

  26. Precomputed Lighting To enable blending actually requires 5 shaders! • Blend between high and medium • Blend between medium and low 预计算光照 实际需要五个材质球才能完成混和！ • 高级和中级之间的混和 • 中级和低级之间的混和

  27. View-dependant Dynamic Mesh LOD Can be used for continuous terrains and other models • Implementing this type of technology represents a serious development risk and commitment • Morphing looks better than switching LOD levels instantly • Obscure it 视角决定动态网格的LOD 能被运用于连续地域和其他模型中 • 运用此类技术意味着严重的开发风险和投入 • 变形比突然切换LOD级别看起来好很多 • 要掩盖它

  28. Visual Effects LOD Visual effects rely on particles and alpha blending • Effects have an interesting cost function • Which LOD method is best to use depends heavily on the type of special effect • Very time consuming to get it right 视觉特效LOD 视觉效果依靠的是粒子和alpha的混和 • 效果有着有趣的价值函数 • 何种LOD方法才是最佳方案很大程度上取决于特效的类型 • 要想做出正确选择是非常耗费时间的

  29. Skeletal LOD骨骼LOD

  30. Skeletal LOD 3 types of bones • Bones that are manipulated or queried in the AI • Bones that animate a collision model • Bones that skin the rendered geometry 骨骼LOD 三种类型的骨骼 • 被控或在人工智能里问讯到的骨骼 • 用于碰撞模型动画的骨骼 • 几何渲染时的蒙皮骨骼

  31. Skeletal LOD Sample Update Loop • Determine the desired movement for all objects • Compute the actual movements based on collision • Animate based on actual movement results • Update physics objects within the scene • Do post-physics update on each object 骨骼LOD 样本升级循环 • 确定所有物体所期望实现的运动 • 根据碰撞计算实际的运动 • 根据实际运动结果作出动画 • 在场面中更新物理物体 • 对每一物体进行后物理更新

  32. Skeletal LOD Production • Effects model construction • Limits model fidelity • Requires testing to verify utilization 骨骼LOD 生产过程 • 效果模型的建造 • 极限模型的逼真 • 需要测试来验证效用

  33. Simulation LOD模拟仿真LOD

  34. Physics Often physics isn’t necessary • Most physics in games is used for graphical flourish • Simulation fidelity needs to vary by distance, view, and the complexity of the scene • Carefully determine what actually matters 物理 通常物理不是必须的 • 多数游戏中的物理都是用于营造图形的夸张效果 • 模拟仿真的逼真度需要根据距离，视角和场面的复杂程度来变化 • 仔细确定出真正重要的部分

  35. Artificial Intelligence LOD人工智能LOD

  36. AI LOD AI has many features which can individually LOD • Decision making • Movement & Simulation 人工智能LOD 人工智能有很多特性能个别地做LOD • 作出决策 • 运动和模拟仿真

  37. Reasonable Practices可能的实践

  38. LOD What Actually Matters Worst case scenarios • LOD techniques can’t account for all situations • Focus on your worst case scenarios and make them perform well LOD确实重要 最糟情况 • LOD技术不能说明所有情况 • 关注你遇到的最糟情况并改善其性能表现

  39. Real-time Visualization In-game real-time visualization is a must • Rapid iteration is needed to achieve the best results • Tweaking is time consuming • Artists must be empowered to independently improve the frame rate 实时影像 游戏中实时影像的呈现已成必然 • 要达到最好效果需要做好快速迭代 • 调整是耗费时间的 • 所有美工必须要有独立改善帧频的能力

  40. Double Check Assumptions Problems are not always what they seem • Double-check architectural decisions • Make sure to properly identify the performance issue 复查假设 问题不总是它们看起来的样子 • 重复检查所做有关建筑的决定 • 确保正确辨识出性能问题

  41. References & Useful Links参考文献及链接

  42. References & Useful Links参考文献及链接 LOD Book: • http://lodbook.com/ Great collection of papers: • http://debian.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/~sergei/cgsr/all.htm Insomniac Games: • http://www.insomniacgames.com/tech/techpage.php Gamasutra: • http://www.gamasutra.com Wikipedia: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_detail

More Related