The United States Looks Overseas

1. The United States Looks Overseas Danielle Olvany Nehanda Nagpal

2. Thesis • By the late 1800s, the United States began taking a larger role in foreign affairs, and they acquired new territories in the Pacific and strengthened the trade with Asia .Also, the US became more involved in Latin America because of the Spanish-American war .

3. Eyes on the Pacific

4. Key Terms and People • Matthew C. Perry • Isolationism • Imperialism • Fredrick Jackson Turner • Liliuokalani • Sphere of Influence Queen Liliuokalani Matthew C. Perry

5. The United States Looks Overseas • Mid-1800s • US was ready for new challenges • New trading partners • More land • US had exhausted available land • Industry needed more materials • Several wars led to new acquisitions

6. Opening Trade to Japan • No trade for 250 years in Japan • 1853 Matthew C. Perry took heavily armed ships into Tokyo Bay • Letter from President calling for trading rights to US • Japanese awed by powerful ships/weapons • 1854 returned and signed a treaty for trade • Japan realized weaknesses of feudal society

7. Purchasing Alaska • 1867 Russian colony • Secretary of State William Seward • Saw Alaska for resources, trade route, landscape • Purchased Alaska for $7.2 million • Many Americans were opposed • “Seward’s Folly” , “Seward’s Icebox” , “polar bear garden” • Opinions changed with Gold Rushes • Lumber and oil

8. The Expansionist Mood • US—policy of isolationism • Nations of Europe—imperialism • Americans debated Manifest Destiny • Supporters of expansion—economic growth and spread of American values

9. The Turner Thesis • 1893 Frederick Jackson Turner • American frontier is closing and had defined American history • Built individualism and democratic values

10. Promoting Economic Growth • Americans feared being shut out of global markets and denied resources • Alfred T. Mahan supported growth

11. Spreading American Values • Americans believed in spreading Christian values as a divine duty • “Anglo-Saxon” superior to lesser races

12. Gaining Footholds in the Pacific • Supporters of expansionism interested in Pacific islands • US influence and trade

13. Rivalry for Samoa • Chain of islands in South Pacific • Set up companies to stock coal • Conflict with Britain and Germany • 1889 Britain, Germany, US sent warships • Typhoon struck • US and Germany divided islands years later

14. Interest in Hawaii • Natural resources, beauty, military and commercial outpost • 1887 planters forced King Kalakaua to accept constitution • New queen Liliuokalani opposed it • Failed to recognize the constitution

15. Annexing Hawaii • US won after planters’ uprising • 50 US marines overthrew the queen and set up pro-American govt. • Cleveland refused, but McKinley approved it • July 7, 1898—territory of US

16. Carving Up China • European powers and Japan forced China to grant land and trading rights • Divided China into spheres of influence

17. Open Door Policy • US Secretary of State John Hay issued a message • Called US to keep “open door” in China • All nations granted equal trading opportunities • Most nations did not respond • Hay said is was accepted

18. Boxer Rebellion • Secret society to combat foreigners • “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”—Europeans called them Boxers • 1900 Boxer began rebellion to expel foreigners • Killed Chinese Christians and Westerners • Burned churches and homes of foreigngers • Safety in Beijing, the capital • US sent 18,000 troops

19. The Open Door Again • Hay feared Boxer Rebellion would be used to gain more Chinese territory • Issued second Open Door note • Repeated intentions to preserve trade

20. Spanish-American War

21. Key Terms and People • Reconcentration • Jose Marti • William Randolph Hearst • Emilio Aguinaldo • Protectorate Jose Marti William Randolph Hearst Emilio Aguinaldo

22. War Clouds Loom • Cuba under Spanish rule-1492 • Discontented • 1868-uprising that lasted for 10 years

23. Rebellion in Cuba • 1895-another uprising • Policy of reconcentration • Scarce food, poor sanitation • 200,000 died • Jose Marti urged US to help rebels • Died.

24. Americans React • Many Americans wanted to intervene • Cleveland ignored • McKinley remained neutral • Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst used journalism • Forced attention on Cuba • “Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood.” :O

25. “Remember the Maine” • 1898-fighting in Havana • McKinley sent battleship-Maine • February 15, 9:40 p.m • 260 killed • Cause: unknown? • Press and public blamed Spain

26. The United States Goes to War • War Feva! • McKinley favored peaceful settlement • Gave in to public pressure • April 11, 1898-asked Congress to declare war on Spain

27. Surprise in the Philippines • Teddy Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to strike at Philippines • May 1- American warships sank Spanish squadron at Manila Bay

28. Fall of Manila • Dewey hired Emilio Aguinaldo to seize Manila • Major help, but was fighting for Philippine independence

29. War in the Caribbean • Focus shifted to Cuba, around Santiago and at sea • Poorly trained and equipped, but eager to fight • Rough Riders-led by Teddy • San Juan Hill-most celebrated event of the war • US defeated Spanish at Santiago • Gained control of Puerto Rico

30. An American Empire • December 1898-US signed peace treaty with Spain • Spain accepted Cuban independence • Also assumed Cuba’s debt • US gained Guam, Wake, Puerto Rico, and Philippines for $20 million

32. Debating the Treaty • Many Americans thought taking colonies was against Declaration of Independence • Right to self-government • Expansionists were in favor of treaty • Bases • Business • Spread of democratic government

33. Governing Cuba and Puerto Rico • US new Caribbean power • Cuba-Platt amendment • Gave US a right to intervene in affairs • Naval base at Guantanamo Bay • Protectorate • Foraker Act of 1900 • Limited self-rule with US appointed governor • Many policies considered “un-American”

34. Revolt in the Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo led fight for independence • Three year war • Aguinaldo captured 1901 • No independence until 1946

35. The United States and Latin America

36. Key Terms and People • Isthmus • William C. Gorgas • Corollary • Dollar diplomacy • Francisco Villa William C. Gorgas Francisco Villa

37. Linking the Oceans • Needed a shorter route from US to South America • Canal across Central America to link Atlantic and Pacific

38. Choosing a Site • Isthmus of Panama • Roosevelt offered $10 million in cash and $250,000 per year • Columbians opposed deal-wanted more money

39. Revolt in Panama • Roosevelt knew many in Panama disliked Columbian rule • Told them US would help • Revolt-November 3, 1903 • US provided support for rebels • Recognized Panama’s independence • Treaty was signed-gave permanent use of isthmus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg

40. The Panama Canal • US began work on the canal in 1904

41. Fighting Disease • Malaria and Yellow Fever widespread • William C. Gorgas to solve problem • Was discovered that mosquitoes carry malaria • Workers cleared brush and drained swamps • 1906 yellow fever wiped out and malaria reduced

42. The “Big Ditch” • 3 tasks to construction: cut mountain, dam a river, erect the giant locks • Gaillard cut—9 mile ditch through the mountains • Most laborers were West Indians of African descent • Canal opened on August 15, 1914

43. Wielding a “Big Stick” in Latin America • Teddy Roosevelt quoted old West African proverb • “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” • If diplomacy failed, US would use military force

44. Roosevelt Corollary • US was to be the leader of the Western hemisphere • Applied big stick theory in Latin America • 1904 Roosevelt announced Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • US had a right to use force to prevent intervention in Latin America • Sent Marines to the Dominican Republic and took over finances

45. Dollar Diplomacy • President Taft urged dollar diplomacy • “substituted dollars for bullets” • Wanted bankers and businesses to invest in Asia and Latin America • Led to military interventions • Nicaragua, Haiti, Honduras

46. Relations with Mexico • President Wilson urged support of democracy around the world • In 1914 US sailors went to Tampico and were arrested • Wilson sent navy to occupy Veracruz, and a war almost broke out • 1916 Pancho Villa’s rebels invaded New Mexico • Raided Columbus and killed 18 Americans • General Pershing (with permission from Mexico) led troops across the border • Did not capture Villa

47. Works Cited Davidson, James West, and Michael B. Stoff. America: History of Our Nation Civil War to Present. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. "Overseas expansion of the United States: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy. 16 May 2009 <http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Overseas_expansion_of_the_United_States>. Trask, David. "Spanish American War." Library of Congress. 16 May 2009 <http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/trask.html>. "United States History." MSN Encarta : Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Atlas, and Homework. 16 May 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741500823___118/united_states_history.html>.