1 / 30

Oceans and Human Health - A New Concept - A New Federal Program - A New Research Direction for USM A COSEE Online Instit

Oceans and Human Health - A New Concept - A New Federal Program - A New Research Direction for USM A COSEE Online Institute Presentation. Dr. D. Jay Grimes. Topics to Cover. What is “Ocean Health” NOAA’s OHH Efforts Ocean Health Research at USM Vibrio pathogens

iokina
Download Presentation

Oceans and Human Health - A New Concept - A New Federal Program - A New Research Direction for USM A COSEE Online Instit

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Oceans and Human Health-A New Concept- A New Federal Program- A New Research Direction for USMA COSEE Online Institute Presentation Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  2. Topics to Cover • What is “Ocean Health” • NOAA’s OHH Efforts • Ocean Health Research at USM • Vibrio pathogens • Bacteria and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico

  3. What Is “Ocean Health”? The condition or health of coastal and ocean ecosystems reflects the ability of those ecosystems to continue to provide goods (e.g., fisheries) and services (e.g., waste treatment, storm protection) and maintain their integrity, diversity, and resiliency. In turn, ecosystem health affects: Health of marine organisms; Health of people who are part of and exposed to coastal ecosystems; Health of coastal communities which depend upon ocean/coastal ecosystems for a variety of important ecological services; and Health of coastal economies which provide ~60% of the nation’s GDP. 3 Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  4. The Big Hairy Questions How will the oceans affect my health and well-being? Is the seafood safe to eat and are the waters safe to swim in or drink? How will climate change affect ocean health threats? Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  5. Established the Interagency OHH Program Authorized NOAA’s OHH Initiative Required a ten-year implementation plan to define goals and priorities for OHH Federal research and application OHH – A National Priority Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  6. In Support of America's Ocean and Coasts: Safe, Healthy and Productive OHHI’s Mission: To improve understanding and management of the ocean, coasts and Great Lakes to enhance benefits to human health and reduce public health risks. Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  7. Understanding the Linkages NOAA’s OHHI will bring understanding and assessment of the oceans full circle since it evaluates and communicates both the impact of humans on the oceans, as well as the impact of the oceans on human health. Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  8. The Health Risks Seafood-borne Illnesses Harmful Algal Blooms Ocean Pathogens Chemical Contaminants The Health Benefits New Drugs and Products Seafood Health Benefits Drinking Water Ecosystem Services Healthy Economies Ocean Health Risks and Benefits Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  9. OHHI Goals • Lead the development of early warning systems to forecast threats and predict long-term risks to human health throughout US coastal and Great Lakes waters. • Investigate and optimize health benefits from the sea. • Develop a robust OHH community working across disciplines and institutions to improve public health Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  10. Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  11. Desired Outcomes HEALTHY OCEANS, HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS, HEALTHY PEOPLE, AND HEALTHY ECONOMIES Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA

  12. OCEANS AND Human health at USM

  13. The Vibrios • Vibrio cholerae was one of the first bacteria to be isolated in pure culture • V. cholerae first observed by Pacini in 1854 • 30 years later the German physician Robert Koch reported the first cultivation of this pathogen Dr. Robert Koch Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  14. The Vibrios • Over 70 Vibrio species are now recognized • 24 species are pathogenic for animals and plants • Of these 24, 12 occur in human specimens and 11 are confirmed human pathogens • In general, the human pathogens cause diarrhea or extra-intestinal infections – usually wound infections • Several species cause diseases in other animals – both vertebrates (most commonly in fishes - vibriosis) and invertebrates – and in plants – and in corals Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  15. Isolation of Vibrios • Enrichment • Alkaline peptone water • Non-selective • Marine agar 2216 • T1N3 agar (1% tryptone and 3% NaCl) • Selective • Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) • Vibrio vulnificus agar (VVA) • Cellobiose-polymixin B-colistin (CPC+)agar • Chromagar APW T1N3 VVA suc- suc+ TCBS Vv Dr. D. Jay Grimes VVA

  16. Identification of Vibrios • Classical phenotypic tests • Biolog® • Serology – serotyping, FAB • Alkaline phosphatase-labeled DNA probes • PCR, rtPCR, qPCR • FISH, RING-FISH FISH FAB Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  17. The Big Three • Vibrio cholerae • Over 180 defined O antigens (O1 and 179 non-O1) • Serogroup O1 (pandemics) • Serogroup O139 (epidemics) • O1 biogroups are classic and El Tor • Toxigenic and non-toxigenic (cholera toxin or CT) • Vibrio parahaemolyticus • 13 O antigens and 60 K antigens • Predominate strain is O3:K6 (pandemic) • Vibrio vulnificus • 7 O antigens with O1 and O4 predominate Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  18. Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854 • First Vibrio to be isolated and described • Ubiquitous in estuarine and marine environments • Temperature and salinity optima are 25oC and 2-14 ppt • Commonly associated with marine animals and plants (epizootic and epiphytic) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  19. Vibrio cholerae (Slide courtesy of Drs. Rita Colwell and Constantin de Magney, University of Maryland)

  20. Vibrio parahaemolyticusFujino et al. 1951 • Most common agent of Vibrio disease in humans after V. cholerae • The most common causes of food borne disease in Japan (ca. 70%) • Most common cause of seafood-borne disease in U.S. • Causes acute gastroenteritis • Can cause septicemia and wound infection • First Vp pandemic began in 1996, involving three major serotypes – O3:K6, O4:K68, and O1:K untypeable Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  21. V. parahaemolyticus Outbreaks • Historically, U.S. outbreaks were associated with cooked crabs – illness from raw molluscan shellfish had been sporadic • Now raw oysters are the primary source • Large U.S. outbreaks in 1969, 71, 72, 82, 92, 97, 98, and 2006 • In 1997, Vp from molluscan shellfish caused a large outbreak in the Pacific Northwest • involved 209 persons & one died from septicemia • isolates belonged to common U.S. serogroups (O1, O4, O5) and all were TDH+ Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  22. Vibriovulnificus(Reichelt et al. 1979) Farmer 1980 • Vv causes: • primary septicemia (ingestion of shellfish) • gastroenteritis (ingestion of shellfish)? • wound infections (contact) • Preexisting liver dysfunction or disease greatly increases susceptibility and mortality • High fatality rate among compromised • Highest fatality rate of any bacterium known (>50%) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  23. Vibrio vulnificus • Virulence factors not well understood • Hemolysins and pathogenicity • V. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh) • Powerful iron sequestration ability • Capsule and endotoxin • Two genotypes – clinical (C) and environmental (E) and only C causes disease in humans • Others??? Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  24. V. vulnificus Ecology • Vv isolated from all U.S. coastal areas • Most prevalent during warm months • Temperature and salinity ranges are above 20oC and 5-25 ppt • Optima are 30oC and 5-10 ppt • Appears to associate with marine animals • Can become nonculturable with stress Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  25. Vp Detection by Satellite • We are predicting the presence of Vp in oysters by using satellite remote sensing • The RS products we use are temperature and salinity • Sea surface temperature (SST) is directly measured and salinity is inferred from colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  26. SeaStar carries SeaWiFS Launched August 1997 1-km2 pixels, used for color Global coverage every 2 days Terra carries MODIS Launched December 1999 1-km2 pixels, SST & turbidity Global coverage every 1-2 days RS Platforms Two popular NASA satellite RS platforms used by oceanographers are SeaStar and Terra SeaStar – the SeaWiFS platform Terra – the MODIS platform Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  27. Recent Vp Maps that Include Salinity SST Salinity Vp/g average log(Vp/g) = -2.05 + 0.097*TWATER + 0.2*SAL - 0.0055*SAL2 Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  28. Vibrios and Oil • GCRL Microbial Response • Surface water sample collected 2 miles from the DH site by R/V Pelican on May 14 • Being used to develop methods for our research DAPI cells on oil droplets Vibrio sp. (16S-FISH) FISH Vp R/V Pelican DAPI cell near oil droplet DAPI + Vp (16S FISH) Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  29. Vibrios and Oil GCRL Microbial Response Surface water sample collected 2 miles from the DH site by R/V Pelican on May 14 Being used to develop methods for our research R/V Pelican Dr. D. Jay Grimes

  30. Thank You Dr. D. Jay Grimes Professor – Department of Coastal Sciences, Marine Microbial Ecology jay.grimes@usm.edu Gulf Coast Research Laboratory 703 East Beach Drive Ocean Springs, MS 39564

More Related