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Electoral Laws. and the party systems they make. UK Paper Ballot. FL – Butterfly Ballot. Michigan Optical Ballot. Welsh Constituency Ballot. Indian Ballot. Welsh List Ballot. NZ Ballot. German Dual Ballot. Duverger’s Law operates at the district level. UK 1945-97. Charter 88.
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Electoral Laws and the party systems they make
Regional (Sectional) Parties • USA: Dixiecrats • India: Telegu Desam, AIADMK, DMK, Shiv Sena • UK: SNP, Plaid Cymru, Democratic Unionist, Sinn Fein • France: Alsace d’abord, Union démocratique bretonne, Ligue savoisienne, Unione naziunale • Canada: Bloc québécois
Goals • Stability • Choice • Equal weighting of votes • Legislature should represent actual distribution of opinion • Government should represent actual distribution of opinion • Elected officials ought to have a connection to a constituency
Allocating Seats • SMDP & SMDM are easy! • Borda count (example of use in Baseball) • Single Transferable Vote (STV) • Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) • Instant Runoff (IRV) • D’Hondt method • Sainte-Laguë method