Europe Developed Into Monarchies

2. Europe Developed Into Monarchies • Feudalism had collapsed. • National monarchies replaced. • Intense competition for land and trade lead to many wars. • Religious differences sparked civil wars. • Through 15th and 14th centuries, kings/queens had to weaken the nobility, the church, and municipal government. How?

3. The Effective Monarch • Bureaucracy • Centralized administration • Dependent on the king • Army • Strengthened • Paid by the monarch and obeyed his orders • Taxes • Raised to obtain funds to finance the monarch's exploits • Still subject to Parliament approval • Diplomatic Network • Created web of allies, friends • Maintained relations with neighbouring countries

5. The Power of Spain Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s. • Focus • What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? • What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age? • How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

6. Kingly Trait Imposing Their Will • 1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain • Inexperienced, but had one kingly trait—as member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule • Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives • Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right • Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged • 1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond • In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control The King Becomes Emperor

7. Emperor Charles V Enemies Everywhere • 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant • Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes • Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states • So vast ‘the sun never set” over it • Ruling vast territories not easy task for Charles • Faced enemies on all sides—Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes • Also fought for religious control over Europe • Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic • Growing Protestant movement threatened influence Charles V and the Empire When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.

8. Confrontation • 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly • In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence • Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread • After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg • Peace • Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant • Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality • Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy

9. Success in Americas • Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe • During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain • Among explorers King Charles supported • Hernán Cortés, who conquered Aztec empire • Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region • Silver and gold flowed from American colonies • Brought Spain fabulous wealth

10. Relinquished Thrones Imposing Their Will • Frustrated by failures in Europe • 1556, Charles V gave up thrones • Decided to divide large empire • Split between his brother and his son • Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria • Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies • Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled Dividing the Empire

11. Draw Conclusions In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful?

12. Art Court Painter • One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos • Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures • Much work religious, reflected Spain’s central role in Counter-Reformation • Another Spanish painter, Diego Velázquez • Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity • Velázquez had privilege of being the court painter Artistic Achievements • From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement • Became known as the Golden Century

13. Literature • Writers • Spanish golden age also produced fine writers • Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes • Cervantes • Most famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha • About man caught between medieval, modern worlds • Colonial Writers • Writers in Spain’s colonies produced works of merit • Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays • Church Criticism • Church officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas • She believed women had right to education

14. Summarize What were some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century?

15. Philip IIKing of Spain (1556-1598) • Inherited Spain from father. • Sought to strengthen power by war, colonies, and the Catholic Reformation. • Weakened Spain by incessant wars and poor economic choices. www.tudorhistory.org/ people/

16. Religion and Revolt Catholicism in Territories Revolt in the Low Countries • King Philip II devout Catholic • Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation • Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism • Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith • Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories • Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces • 1560s, bloody revolt began Spain under Philip II • Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II • One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas • With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems

17. Dutch Revolt • Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip • To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba • Alba set up court • Known locally as Court of Blood • Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels • Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew • Revolt dragged on for decades • 1609, truce reached • Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands • Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

18. Spain and England • English Aid to Dutch • Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain and England • As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels • England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip • Attacks on Spanish Ships • Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships • England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England • Invasion Planned • King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church • Decided to invade England

19. Naval Battles Armada Not Invincible • Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion • Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands • Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet • Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray • As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked Philip’s Armada • Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada • Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors • 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel • Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack

20. Internal Problems Americans Join the Battle • Spain’s real problems internal • Philip’s government centralized • He trusted no one • Court riddled by factions, suspicion • Government action practically came to standstill • Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare • Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times • Prices driven up, inflation • Spain did not develop industries An Empire in Decline • The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss. • But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated. Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.

21. Recall What were two events that caused problems for Spain?