New Monarchies

1. New Monarchies Consolidation of power First ‘modern’ nation-state

2. Toward end of Middle Ages, governments broke down (Black Death and Warfare) Violence within and without dominated

3. Characteristics of New Monarchy • Uses 15th century chaos to centralize • Determine state religion • Arouse sentiments of national loyalty • Establish hereditary monarchy as legitimate rule • Enlisted aid of towns • Monarch uses army to subdue nobles • Breakdown of common law: establish civil law

4. General Policies • Taxation: use to gain revenue • Taming Aristocracy • Codifying laws & creating courts • Controlling warfare (Medieval armies were private armies; New Monarchies made armies the sole preserve of the state) • Use of bureaucracy & officials – including representative bodies • Religious control

5. France and England

6. 100 Year’s War: France vs England Cause: • English king vassal to French king over duchy of Aquitaine • French king wanted to assert control over duchy and English king resisted • English king (Edward III) had claim to French throne through mommy, a princess of France • French nobles sought opportunities to gain power at expense of French king • England exported wool to Flanders, which was coming under the control of the French king • Kings and nobles shared Chivalry, which portrayed war as glorious and noble

7. Course of the War • Most fighting was on French soil • Scots, encouraged by the French did invade England once… • Few major battles • English won at first, but war became one of attrition and the French wore down the English

8. Results: • England lost all continental possessions except Calais • French land devastated • England and France in debt • Populations declined • Internal disruptions due to officials and nobles dying • Trade disrupted • Heavy taxation on peasants to cover debts and trade slump • England: Parliaments summoned by king to get help raising money • Gave nobility more power • Taxes could not be levied without parliamentary approval • Representative government gained a tradition • Trade disrupted • Heavy taxation on peasants to cover debts and trade slump

9. Growth of Nationalism • Kings used propaganda to garner support • Hatred of the enemy united people • Military victories led to national pride • Literature reflected the new nationalism (Chaucer’s Cantebury Tales)

10. War of the Roses: England • Nobles fought for control • Lancaster (Red Rose) versus York (White Rose) • Henry IV (Lancaster king) usurped by Edward IV (son of Duke of York) • Edward’s brother, Richard III, took over after Edward IV • Henry Tudor of Lancaster line usurped power after Richard III • Henry VII (Tudor) married daughter of Edward IV of York to solidify his claim and unite the Lancaster and York houses, thus ending the war

11. English Rule • Tudors • Henry VII • Henry VIII • Edward VI • Jane Grey • Mary I • Elizabeth I

12. Tudor Dynasty: Henry VII 1489-1509 • Passed laws against “Livery and Maintenance” • Private army not allowed to wear lords livery (insignia) • Laws passed to centralize government • Royal Council (new court to keep the peace) • Star Chamber represented authority of king and council (nobles tried w/o jury – torture often used)

13. Tudor Dynasty: Henry VIII 1509-1547 • Will break from Roman Church • Led Protestantism in England • More later…

14. French Rule • Valois • Charles VII • Louis XI • Charles VIII • Louis XII • Francis I • Henry II • Francis II • Charles IX • Henry III

15. 1422-1461 Passed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438 Placed restrictions of Papal Power in France Valois Dynasty: Charles VII

16. Valois Dynasty: Louis XI: Spider King 1461-1483 • Created Royal Army • Suppressed Brigands • Subdue Rebels • Estates-General met and asked Louis to rule without them

17. 1483-1498 Valois Dynasty: Charles VIII Involved France in Italian wars

18. Valois Dynasty: Francis I • Signed Concordat of Bologna in 1516 (reversed Prag. Sanc. Of Bourges) • Passed tax: taille (1st & 2nd Estates Exempt: most hated tax of the ancien régime)

19. Signed Concordat of Bologna with Pope Leo X • Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438) that placed French Catholic Church (Gallican Church) in control apart from Rome • Pope get $ from French Clergy • King choose Bishops and Abbots

20. Holy Roman Empire (HRE) • Hapsburgs • Frederick III • Maximilion I • Charles V • Ferdinand I • Maximilian II • Rudolf II • Matthias • Ferdinand II • Ferdinand III • Leopold I • Joseph I • Charles VI

21. Hapsburg Dynasty • 1356 Golden Bull gave 7 electors right to name Emperor (Pope had no say) • Most dominate royal family were the Hapsburgs, which will come to rule the HRE for centuries to come… • Constant threat from Ottoman Turks in the East… see map on next slide

23. Hapsburgs: Maximilian I • Focused on increasing Austrian and Hungarian territories • Marriage to Mary of Burgundy increased holdings

24. Hapsburgs: Charles V • Most powerful ruler in Europe at the time • Ruled Spain and Austria • Sacked Rome in 1527 • Tried to stop Protestantism in German States

25. Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella • Regents • Hapsburgs • Charles I (Carlos I) • Philip II • Philip III • Philip IV • Charles II (Carlos II)

26. Creation: Ferdinand and Isabella • Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille) marry • Marriage unified Spain (1492) • Reconquista eliminated Moors and expelled Jews • Hermandades was an alliance of cities to oppose nobles • Spanish Inquisition helped to enforce centralization

27. Spanish Hapsburgs: Charles I • Lack of clear heir after series of regent rulers • Charles V of the HRE was chosen as ruler of Spain (Charles I of Spain) • Spain now Hapsburg territory

28. Spanish Hapsburgs: Philip II • One of Charles I sons • Ruled with religious fervor • Engaged in religious wars*