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The Exodus

The Exodus. Exodus 1: Slavery . The “ Hyksos ” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550 Foreign people who entered Egypt ca. 1800 Expelled by the Egyptian Ahmose Egypt’s New Kingdom = ca. 1550 – 1000 The most prosperous time in Egypt’s history. Luxor Temple. Luxor Temple. Luxor Temple.

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The Exodus

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  1. The Exodus

  2. Exodus 1: Slavery • The “Hyksos” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550 • Foreign people who entered Egypt ca. 1800 • Expelled by the Egyptian Ahmose • Egypt’s New Kingdom = ca. 1550 – 1000 • The most prosperous time in Egypt’s history

  3. Luxor Temple

  4. Luxor Temple

  5. Luxor Temple

  6. Luxor Temple

  7. Karnak Temple

  8. Karnak Temple

  9. Exodus 1: Slavery • The “Hyksos” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550 • Foreign people who entered Egypt ca. 1800 • Expelled by the Egyptian Ahmose • Egypt’s New Kingdom = ca. 1550 – 1000 • The most prosperous time in Egypt’s history • Moses born ca. 1525 • “After the Hyksos…the Egyptians realized that foreigners in large numbers could not be trusted and needed to be controlled” (Hoerth, 158). • Hence the concern (Exod 1:9-10) and oppression (Exod 1) • Pharaoh Ahmose = the pharaoh who “knew not Joseph” (Exod 1:8)

  10. Exodus 2-11: The Exodus • Thutmose III (1479-1425) • Pharaoh of the oppression (Exod 2:23) or Pharaoh of the exodus?

  11. Thutmose III

  12. Thutmose III

  13. Thutmose III

  14. Thutmose III

  15. Exodus 2-11: The Exodus • Thutmose III (1479-1425) • Moses kills an Egyptian and flees Egypt • Thutmose try to kill Moses (Exod 2:25) and intensified the oppression (Exod. 2:23) • Great warrior; ethnocentric; prideful • Thutmose III dies – Exod 2:23

  16. Thutmose III

  17. Thutmose III

  18. Exodus 2-11: The Exodus • Amenhotep II • Pharaoh of the exodus? • Best option…

  19. Amenhotep II

  20. Amenhotep II

  21. Exodus 2-11: The Exodus • Amenhotep II • Egypt’s version of Samson • Valiant sportsman; many stories about his strength and pride • No one could draw his bow • Best archer in Egypt • The best horse trainer • Could row a boat with 200 soldiers by himself • “Who is the LORD that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do no know the LORD and besides, I will not let Israel go” (Exod. 5:2)

  22. Route of the Exodus

  23. Mt. Sinai

  24. Mt. Sinai

  25. The Date of the Exodus • 1446 B.C. (early date) • 1200’s B.C. (late date) • Arguments for early date • 1 Kings 6:1 says that Solomon built the temple in the 4th year of his reign (966 B.C.), “480 years after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt” • Judges 11:26 says that Jephthah’s day (1100 B.C.) was about 300 years after the exodus • 1 Kings 6:1 AND Judges 11:26 BOTH place the exodus around 1400 B.C.

  26. The Date of the Exodus • Archaeological/Historical Support for Early Date (1446) • Amenhotep II (pharaoh of exodus) replaced not by his older son, but unexpectedly by Thutmose IV, his younger son. • “Thutmose IV obtained the throne through an unforeseen turn of fate, such as the premature death of an elder brother” (Hayes, a secular Egyptologist)

  27. The Date of the Exodus • Archaeological/Historical Support for Early Date (1446) • During the Conquest, Amenhotep III (1416-1377) was pharaoh. • Then, Amenhotep IV • Historically: Both were unconcerned with Palestine • Biblically: Egypt never comes to the aid of Canaanite city-states

  28. The Date of the Exodus • Archaeological/Historical Support for Early Date (1446) • Amarna Letters

  29. The Date of the Exodus • Archaeological/Historical Support for Early Date (1446) • Amarna Letters • 400 cuneiform letters = correspondence between Canaanites kings and Egypt • Date = 1300’s • Some sort of turmoil in Canaan cause by invading “Hapiru” or “Apiru” • “Hapiru” = Hebrews? • “Hapiru” = general term for foreign enemy invaders

  30. The Date of the Exodus • Arguments for Late Date? (1200’s) • Archaeological record • Kathleen Kenyon’s date of Jericho • Destroyed in 1500’s. No city in 1406 • Nelson Glueck’s survey of wilderness • No one was there from 1800’s-1300’s • Israel built “Pithom and Ramses” (Exod 1:11)

  31. Old Testament Law • The laws in Exod-Deut seem weird. • Other ANE law-codes show that the OT Law was right at home in the ancient world • Esp. Code of Hammurabi • 1772 B.C. • Hammurabi king of Babylon • List of 282 law codes

  32. Code of Hammurabi

  33. Code of Hammurabi

  34. Code of Hammurabi

  35. Code of Hammurabi • Significance? • Similarities with Law of Moses shows continuity with ANE culture 196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. 197. If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken. "If anyone injures his neighbor, whatever he has done must be done to him: fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. As he has injured the other, so he is to be injured." Leviticus 24:19-20

  36. Code of Hammurabi • Significance? • Dissimilarities with Law of Moses: Social hierarchy 198. If he put out the eye of a freed man, or break the bone of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina. 199. If he put out the eye of a man's slave, or break the bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one-half of its value. 200. If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. 201. If he knock out the teeth of a freed man (i.e. former slave), he shall pay one-third of a gold mina. “There is little class distinction in the Old Testament law. Although punishment could be harsh, it was equally harsh for all” (Hoerth, 171)

  37. Code of Hammurabi • Significance? • Dissimilarities with Law of Moses: Intentionality • Only the OT Law distinguishes between intentional crimes and accidental crimes • i.e. killing someone on purpose and on accident

  38. Code of Hammurabi • Significance? • Dissimilarities with Law of Moses: God-centeredness Hammurabi’s law code was given “so people could get along with one another. In the Bible the law code was given primarily so people could get along with God” (Hoerth, 171)

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