The Cold War 1945-1990

1. The Cold War 1945-1990 VIDEO

2. US/USSR Relationship during WWII • 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler (Germany). • 1941: Hitler breaks deal & attacks USSR. • Stalin changes sides & fights with US and other allies.

3. Yalta Conference • Before end of WWII, Stalin, Churchill & Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan end of war. Agreed on: • Establishing the United Nations • Division of Germany into four zones • Free elections allowed in countries of Eastern Europe • Russia’s promise to join the war against Japan • Germany would pay reparations to Soviet Union No agreement was reached on dividing Poland. Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe.

4. A Divided Germany

5. Superpower Aims in Europe United States Soviet Union Encourage communism in other countries Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial materials Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders & balance US influence in the west Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again • Encourage democracy in other countries • Gain access to raw materials & markets for trade • Rebuild European governments & create new markets for American goods • Reunite Germany to stabilize it & increase security in Europe • Stop the “Domino Effect”

6. Cold War Characteristics • US and USSR are “SUPER POWERS” • Cold War is a political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the USSR that spreads throughout the world • A struggle that contained everything but actual war • Competing social and economic ideologies

7. What were the six major strategies of of the Cold War? 1. Brinkmanship 2. Espionage 3. Foreign aid 4. Alliances 5. Propaganda 6. Surrogate wars 1. 3. 2. 4. 6. 5.

8. Soviet Union Creates a Buffer Zone • Soviets want to be shielded from another German invasion • Took over countries ofAlbania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, & Yugoslavia wanted to build “buffer” zone, called satellite nations • Pres. Truman viewed this as a violation & Truman/Stalin agreed communism & capitalism couldn’t exist together

9. USSR Satelline Nations

10. Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR Create greater security for itself lost tens of millions of people in WWII & Stalin’s purges feared a strong Germany Establish defensible borders Encourage friendly governments on its borders Spread communism around the world “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.” Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain Speech.”

11. Iron Curtain • All of Europe now divided between EAST & WEST • Eastern Europe: Soviet-controlled Communists  German Democratic Republic • Western Europe: split between Allies Capitalists  Federal Republic of Germany • Churchill’s famous speech about “Iron Curtain”, dividing Europe

12. US Counters Soviet Expansion • US adopts policy of containment policy directed at blocking Soviet influence & preventing expansion of communism • Included creating alliances & helping weak countries fight off Soviets

13. Truman Doctrine 1947: British help Greek government fight communist guerrillas. Appealed to America for aid, & response was the Truman Doctrine. America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism. Greece received large amounts of arms/supplies  1949 defeated communists. - Establishes a future pattern The Truman Doctrine showed America was most powerful democratic country & prepared to resist communism

14. Marshall Plan In 1947, US Sec. of State George Marshall announced Marshall Plan Economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from war Two motives: Helping Europe would provide markets for American goods A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist spread of communism $12 billion Secretary of State George Marshall. A poster promoting the Marshall Plan

15. The Berlin Airlift Crisis: June 1948 - May 1949 1948: three western zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to Marshall Plan West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviets June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector Cuts road, rail & canal links w/West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

16. Map of Berlin divided into zones after WWII Map of Germany divided into zones after WWII A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

17. Key Concept: How did the Cold War affect the domestic and foreign policies of the United States? Actors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist. Domestic Policies: • 1. McCarthyism • 2. HUAC • House Un-American Activities Committee • 3. Loyalty oaths • 4. Blacklists • 5. Bomb shelters Foreign Policies: • 1. Korean War • 2. Arms Race • 3. Truman Doctrine • 4. Eisenhower Doctrine A 1950s era bomb shelter

18. Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957) Cincinnati Redlegs primary logo in use from 1954-1959 • McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, did the most to whip up anti- communism during the ‘50s. • On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department. • No one in the press actually saw the names on the list. • McCarthy continued to repeat his groundless charges, changing the number from speech to speech. • During this time, one state required pro wrestlers to take a loyalty oath before stepping into the ring. • In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted Robin Hood (and its vaguely socialistic message that the book's hero had a right to rob from the rich and give to the poor) and forced librarians to pull the book from the shelves. • Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves the "Redlegs."

19. McCarthy’s Downfall Movie poster for the 2005 film Good Night and Good Luck about the fall of Joseph McCarthy Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible was on the surface about the Salem Witch Trials. It’s real target, though, was the hysterical persecution of innocent people during McCarthyism. (poster for 1996 film version) • In the spring of 1954, the tables turned on McCarthy when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist accused of being a Communist. • For the first time, a television broadcast allowed the public to see the Senator as a blustering bully and his investigations as little more than a witch hunt. • In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges. • McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism. • The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti- Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by association.

20. The Cold War & Berlin Wall • Increasing conflicts were beginning of COLD WAR • State of hostility between 2 superpowers • Later in 1961, East Germans built wall to separate East & West Berlin  Berlin Wall

21. Early 1960s view of east side of Berlin Wall with barbed wire at top. A view from the French sector looking over the wall. Berlin Wall • In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low, barbed-wire barrier rose between East and West Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete blocks into a low wall, dividing neighborhoods and families, workers and employers, the free from the repressed. • The USSR called the wall a barrier to Western imperialism, but it also was meant to keep its people going to the West where the standard of living was much higher and freedoms greater. • The West Germans called it Schandmaur, the "Wall of Shame." Over the years, it was rebuilt three times. Each version of the wall was more higher, stronger, repressive, and impregnable. Towers and guards with machine guns and dogs stood watch over a barren no man's land. Forbidden zones, miles wide, were created behind the wall. No one was allowed to enter the zones. Anyone trying to escape was shot on sight.

22. Berlin Wall

25. Wall torn down in 1989. VIDEO

26. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization • 1949, ten western nations formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO to co-ordinate their defense against USSR • Would attack with armed force It originally consisted of: America Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Holland Italy Luxembourg Norway Portugal Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,some former Soviet republics have applied for membership to NATO. NATO flag

27. Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central & Eastern Europe. Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland USSR established it in response to NATO treaty Founding members: Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland Romania USSR East Germany (1956) Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact

28. 1. Cold War tensions increased in the US when the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949. 2. President Eisenhower  brinkmanship 3. Cold War tensions increased in the USSR when the US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1952. It was 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Arms Race

29. Improve your knowledge • The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

30. Nuclear Missiles!

31. Cold War tensions increased in the US when USSR launched Sputnik I, the first satellite into orbit on October 4, 1957. • Race to control space was on. Space Race • April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became first human in space & first to orbit Earth. • US felt a loss of prestige  increased funding for space programs • May 25,1961, President John F. Kennedy (JFK) wanted to land man on the moon • Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 16, 1969. VIDEO 

32. BRAIN BREAK… WHAT DID LIFE LOOK LIKE IN THE 1950’S? • It was more than just poodle skirts and rock n’ roll!  VIDEO

33. THECOLD WAR BECOMES AHOT WAR CUBA, KOREA, & VIETNAM

35. The Bay of Pigs Invasion • The Bay of Pigs Invasion  failed attempt by US- backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government & dictator, Fidel Castro • President Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961 • The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy  but refused to send US planes for support • Castro conquers Cuba & US humiliated VIDEO 

36. Cuban leader Fidel Castro watches events during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. • On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with US weapons, landed at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba hoping for support from locals. • From the start, the exiles were likely to lose. Kennedy had the option of using the Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. • Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army. The failure of the invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration. • Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate support • Others blamed Kennedy for allowing it to take place at all. • Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the US He was convinced that the Americans would try to take over the Cuba again. The Bay of Pigs Invasion…

37. Cuban Missile Crisis CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied intermediate and medium range missiles if launched from Cuba • Bay of Pigs failed  new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev said US wouldn’t interfere in takeover of Latin America • July 1962, built 42 secret missile sites in Cuba as a plan of deterrence American spy plane discovered it • JFK said it was a threat & mobilized troops to Florida to prepare for war against Cuba • Khrushchev removed them in exchange for US promise to not invade Cuba • Closest world ever came to nuclear war

39. Civil War in China • North China/Mainland • Communist; leader Mao Zedong & Red Army • Renamed China -- People’s Republic of China • Small part of South China/Island of Taiwan • Nationalist; leader Chiang Kai-shek • US sent aid to Nationalists, but Mao & Communists won  signed treaty with Soviet Union; worried US • Decided to divide Korea

40. KOREAN WAR

41. The Korean War

42. A Divided Korea • North – Communist; South – Non-Communist • North invades South in 1950, so Pres. Truman sends in US forces to aid the South • 1953, both sides sign armistice (cease-fire) & country divided along 38th parallel  still divided today • US considers it a victory 1950 - 1953

43. VIETNAM WAR

44. Breaking for Freedom • Vietnam was a French colony, known as French Indochina (along with Cambodia & Laos) • Began to fight for independence from France during WW II • Vietnamese revolutionary leader, Ho Chi Minh (Communist), wanted to be leader of independent, communist Vietnam; Ho Chi Minh received support from both USSR & China

45. A Divided Vietnam • Communists go to war with France at Dien Bien Phu  Communists win • Vietnam divided North/South • North Communist  Ho Chi Minh (Soviet support) • South Nationalist Ngo Dinh Diem (US/France support)

46. Vietnam War Begins • War started under Eisenhower (“Ike”), went on through JFK, and intensified under Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) • Congress approved sending in over 500,000 soldiers in to help South Vietnam (after Gulf of Tonkin Incident), but US never actually declared war on Vietnam

47. Vietnam, 1968

49. Napalm!

50. Seeing this on TV led to a loss of support at home