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Electrons. Wave model – scientist say that light travels in the form of a wave. Electromagnetic Radiation – is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space. All electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of 3.00 x 10 8 m/s in a vacuum
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Wave model – scientist say that light travels in the form of a wave
Electromagnetic Radiation – is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
All electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s in a vacuum • 3.00 x 108 m/s = the speed of light
Electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of electromagnetic radiation showing their different wavelengths and frequencies
Because all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed you can use a formula to calculate the wavelength or frequency • c = ƒλ c = speed of light ƒ = frequency λ = wavelength
Quantum Concept • Quantum is the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom • This describes that matter can gain or lose energy only in small, specific amounts
Planck showed that energy of quantum is related to frequency of the emitted radiation mathematically: Equantum= hv E = energy h = Planck's constant (6.626 x 10-34J) v = frequency
According to this theory, for a given frequency, matter can emit or absorb energy only in whole-number multiples of hv
Photoelectric Effect – • Photoelectrons are emitted from a metal’s surface when light of a certain frequency shines on the surface • Calculators
Wave model says that given enough time all light with different types of frequencies and wavelengths will accumulate and supply enough energy to eject photoelectrons from a metal • Metals will NOT eject photoelectrons below a specific frequency
Albert Einstein proposed that electromagnetic radiation has both wavelike and particle like natures. • A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy
Due to this Einstein said: Ephoton = hv E = energy h = planck’s constant V = frequency
Bohr’s Atomic Model: Hydrogen • Bohr says that an atom has only certain allowable energy states • The lowest energy state is called its ground state
When an electron gains energy it is in an excited state • Atoms are capable of having many different excited states
Bohr’s model showed that electrons traveled around the nucleus in a specific orbital • The smaller the electron’s orbital the lower the atom’s energy state/level • So the larger the orbital the higher the atom’s energy level
A quantum number was assigned to each orbital • The first orbital, the closest to the nucleus, is n = 1
When electron’s are at ground state, they do not radiate any energy • When energy is added from an outside source the electrons move to higher energy levels. The atom is then in an excited state
Electrons that are in an excited state can drop from the higher energy level to a lower energy level. As a result the atom emits a photon that is equal to the difference between the two energy levels
Ehigher-energy orbit – Elower-energy orbit = Ephoton • Ephoton = hv
Electrons can only move from one allowable orbit to another, similar to climbing a ladder one step at a time • This controls how much energy can be emitted or absorbed
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom • Light is a wave with particle like characteristics • Electrons are particles with wave like characteristics
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time.
Heisenberg tried to locate the position and velocity of an electron by using a photon of electromagnetic wave, but the photon disturbed the electron and its position or velocity was changed.
The quantum mechanical model of the atom shows electrons treated as waves • It shows limits to an electron’s energy absorbed or emitted • But it does not describe the electron’s path around the nucleus
The quantum mechanical model assigns principal quantum numbers that indicate the relative sizes and energies of atomic orbitals not location from the nucleus.
As n (principal quantum number) increases the orbital becomes larger, electron is farther from the nucleus and the energy level increases
Principal energy levels contain energy sublevels. • Principal energy level 1 consists of a single sublevel • Principal energy level 2 consists of two sublevels • And so on
Sublevels are labeled s, p, d, or f according to the shapes of the atom’s orbitals. • s orbitals are spherical • p orbitals are dumbbell shaped • d and f orbitals don’t all have the same shape
Principal energy level 1 has 1 sublevel • 1s • The s orbitals are spherical
Principal energy level 2 has 2 sublevels • 2s, 2p • p orbitals consist of 3 dumbbell shaped p orbitals of equal energy • Labeled 2px, 2py and 2pz
Principal energy level 3 consists of 3 sublevels • 3s, 3p, 3d • Sublevel d consists of five orbitals of equal energy they have an identical shape but different orientation
The maximum number of orbitals related to each principal energy level is n2 • Example: • Principal energy level 1 has 1 orbital • Principal energy level 2 has 4 orbitals • Principal energy level 3 has 9 orbitals
The maximum amount of electrons related to each principal energy level is 2n2 • Because 2 electrons can go in each orbital • In Principal energy level 1 there can be 2 electrons • In principal energy level 2 there can be 8 electrons
Electron Configuration • The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the atom’s electron configuration • Electrons in an atom tend to assume the arrangement that gives the atom the lowest possible energy • the atoms ground-state electron configuration
There are 3 rules, or principles that define how electrons can be arranged in an atom’s orbitals • aufbau principle • Puali exclusion principle • Hund’s rule