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Beginnings of European History. Roman Empire. Caesar Augustus. Octavian became Augustus (“revered one”), first Roman emperor. Strengths of Empire. good trade and transportation (roads for army) could become citizen by enlisting in the army. strong government
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Caesar Augustus • Octavian became Augustus (“revered one”), first Roman emperor
Strengths of Empire • good trade and transportation (roads for army) • could become citizen by enlisting in the army • strong government • unifying law code that could be updated and interpreted
Roman Society • boys were taught in schools • Roman emperor was the head of the religion • gladiators were entertainment • a few rich people and many poor people • slaves were unnecessary due to cheap labor, but showed status
Technologies • Aqueducts • Galen’s medical knowledge • Ptolemy’s theory of astronomy (geocentric)
Christianity • A religion whose followers believe Jesus Christ to be the Savior of the world.
Constantine • The first Roman Emperor to become Christian. • Issued the Edict of Milan in 313 • Founded a new capital at Constantinople
Doctrine of Petrine Succession • Early Christian doctrine that the apostle Peter was the appointed successor of the Christian church • Used to justify Papal power (the power of the Pope) • Avoided caesaropapism- when a leader is the head of state and the head of the church
Great Schism (1054) • Split between East and West • West= Roman Catholic East= Eastern Orthodox
Diocletian • Roman emperor that split the empire into east and west • drove out barbarians • tried to impose wage and price controls
Inflation • money loses its value while prices continue to rise • countries unstable because their international standing decreases (they can get less stuff)
Decline of Rome • Germanic invaders (called barbarians) • lack of expansion (no additional flow of money) • political and military weakness • social change (apathy toward the government)
Byzantine Empire • Became the richest part of the old Roman Empire • Trade limited to the Arabic World (Middle East and North Africa) • Cut off ties with the west • Famous emperor: Justinian I • Greek in culture and language
Islam • A religion whose followers adhere to the teachings of the prophet Mohammed. • Mohammed was visited by an angel (Gabriel) who restored the teachings of God to Earth. • Born in Mecca, he was driven out because of his teachings. • Later, he was invited back. • Translated into heaven in Jerusalem
Five Pillars of Islam • The Creed (faith in Allah) • Pray five times a day • Fast during the month of Ramadan • Almsgiving • Pilgrimage to Mecca
Islamic Division • After Mohammed died, there was controversy over who should take his place. • Those who favor his son-in-law Ali= Shia • Those who favor election= Sunnite
Spread of Islam • Spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and North Africa. • Invaded Spain • Moors at Tours 732
What was Europe like? • Governments became more local • “mini Ice-Age” caused a decline in food production • People were not as healthy • Some learning was lost
Middle Ages • A time between the Classical Period (Greece and Rome) and the Modern World (RenaissanceNow)
Rise of the Frankish Empire • Franks came in contact with the Roman Empire in the 200s • 481- Clovis became king of a Frankish tribe • He conquered other tribes in northern Gaul • Converted to Christianity • Controlled southwestern Gaul • Started the Merovingian kings
Charlemagne • Son of Pepin III • Rule 768-814 • Defeated many in war: • Lombards (Italy) • Saxons (northern Germany) • Avars (central Europe) • Spain in the Pyrenees • 800- crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III
Carolingian Renaissance • Emphasis on reading, writing, and education • Developed schools based on the Roman model • Alcuin of York taught Charlemagne’s children • Written Bible • Caroline miniscule • Bishops told to create libraries
Charlemagne’s Reforms • Split up his empire into areas controlled by counts • MissiDominici “the Lord’s messengers” • Ensured support of Charlemagne • Heard complaints • Determined effectiveness of laws
Decline of the Frankish Empire • Charlemagne gave his empire to his son, Louis the Pious • 840- Louis divided the empire among his sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German • 843- Treaty of Verdun • Split up Charlemagne’s empire • 870- Middle Kingdom split between the remaining two kingdoms • Empire weakened by invasion • Muslims • Slavs • Magyars
Vikings • 800-900 AD- fearsome invaders • From Scandinavia • Worshipped pagan gods • Raid and loot towns for slaves to work their farms • Good at warfare and siege techniques
Magyars • Hungarian tribes • 7 tribes came together • Pope sent a crown to St. Stephen to crown him as their king • Thereafter, Hungarians came under the realm of Latin Christiandom
How it worked • A powerful noble had lots of land, more than he could use • He granted this land (called a fief) to a lesser noble to use • This created a contract between the two • The lesser noble promised loyalty while the powerful noble promised protection • Land was inherited from father to eldest son (primogeniture) • Women could have land in their dowry, but it became their husband’s land when they got married
The people • Lord= grants land/expects loyalty • Vassal= accepts land/protection • Knights= trained soldiers that work for vassals (nobility) • Peasants (Serfs)= people who live on the land and farm the land
Manors • Self-sufficient villages where peasants worked the land for a noble • Noble kept 1/3 of the land for private use (domain) • Peasants had other 2/3 to work for their sustenance • Peasants also had to work on the noble’s land to pay for use of their land
Nobles • Did not live in luxury • Often lived in a keep or a castle (later on) • Castles had thick walls for defense and small windows without glass • Marriage was a way to advance one’s fortunes • Men depended on their wife and children for help
Peasants • Worked the land • Did not get vacations or holidays • Could not hunt on the Lord’s land • Peasants had a poor diet (rarely ate meat) • Victims of warfare
Monasticism • Some people wanted to escape from the world and devote their life to God • Initially, monks and nuns lived alone and apart from the world • Eventually they built monasteries (for monks) and convents (for nuns) • Monasticism was the way of life in monasteries and convents
Saints • Saint Benedict- became a hermit • Well-known for his holiness • Established a monastery at Monte Cassino in central Italy • The standards he set for monks was known as Benedictine Rule and was later adopted by other monasteries and convents • Saint Patrick • Brought Christianity to Ireland in 432 • Saint Augustine • Led a group of monks to England • Archbishop of Canterbury (center of Christian church in England)
Church and Politics • Canon law- Church’s law code • Interdict- form of punishment where all churches in a region were closed and sacraments forbidden • Heretics- those who opposed the church • Threat to the church, heretics punished severely • Tithe- One tenth of a person’s income to be paid to the Church
Society and Economics • Encouraged equality and dignity for all • Divorce was never allowed • Took care of poor and needy • Sometimes even established hospitals
Problems • Church gained great wealth and influence • Simony- people could buy church offices • Inquisition- search for heretics • Especially popular in Spain • Often involved torture of accused heretics
Norman Conquest • 1066- Duke William of Normandy claimed the English throne after Edward’s death • He crossed the English Channel and defeated a rival for the throne at the battle of Hastings • Resulted in the mixing of French and Anglo-Saxon culture • William rule from 1066-1087
