GCRCT Review Foldable

GCRCT Review Foldable
Fill in your foldable as we review information we’ve learned throughout the year. This is a great way to prepare for the GCRCT.

G=Government Unitary –central government holds all power. China, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kenya, N. Korea, S. Korea, Saudi Arabia, S. Africa, Turkey, Vietnam Confederation –local governments hold all power. Federal – power is shared among different levels of government. Power is divided into national and state governments. India, Sudan, Nigeria

G= Government Autocratic – ruler has unlimited power. Saudi Arabia, Sudan, N. Korea Oligarchic – “government by few” N. Korea, Vietnam, China, Iran Democratic– the people have supreme power. India, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, S. Africa, S. Korea, Turkey

G= Government Parliamentary Democracy: The legislative representatives (elected by the people) makes and carries out the laws . This is called a Parliament The party that wins the majority of representatives in the legislature chooses the leader . This person is called the Prime Minister or Premier and is recognized as the head of government. There is usually another person, “Head of State,” who acts as a more ceremonial leader. Example: Jordan is a constitutional monarchy where they have a King and Prime Minister. India and Japan Example: Israel and Turkey

G= Government Presidential Democracy: President, chief executive, is elected separately from legislature. Legislature passes the laws President sees that the laws are enforced President is a separate branch of government from the legislature President serves for a set term

G= Government Absolute (Hereditary) Monarchy- government is led by a king who comes from a family that has ruled the country for several generations. Example: Saudi Arabia Theocratic Republic – The country’s religious leaders serve as the political leaders (Ayatollah). Example: Iran

G=Geography Use the map provided to label the following: Jordan River Euphrates River Tigris River Suez Canal Persian Gulf Strait of Hormuz Arabian Sea Red Sea Gaza Strip Use the map provided to label the countries: Afghanistan Iran Iraq Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey

G=Geography GANGES RIVER: heavily polluted by industries and cremation YANGTZE RIVER: sewage, chemicals (both agriculture and industrial waste) Three Gorges Dam – negative impact, plants, animals, fish die, people eat fish get ill POLLUTION - India and China heavy air pollution due to growing population and industry, auto (fuel = coal) effect = respiratory and heart disease, acid rain

G=Geography Desertification – overgrazing and human activity (Sahel) Green Line – place where cultivated land ends and desert begins Famine – many African countries, climate changes, political conflict, poor prices for African goods, disease, corrupt governments

C=Countries (History) Ottoman Empire: Controlled much of the Middle East from the 1300s until end of WWI Weakened because it tried to rule such a huge area with weak leaders. European countries became more powerful Ottoman Empire was overthrown and was broken up – San Remo Agreement Boundary lines did not take into account ethnic groups and conflict has resulted.

C=Countries (History) Palestine was created after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Important to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Conflict began between Palestinian Arabs and Jews that were migrating there (Zionist). Zionist – those who believed the world’s Jews deserved to return to homeland in Zion, or parts where Jews had lived in Biblical times. Widespread anti-Semitism began (hatred for Jews simply because they practice Judaism).

C=Countries (History) Palestine (Continued) During WWII anti-Semitism spread in Europe Over 6 million European Jews were killed in concentration camps Thousands had to leave Europe to avoid death This was called the Holocaust 1948, Palestine was separated The state of Israel was created as a nation for the Jews Caused a lot of conflict between the Palestinian Arabs and Jews; still going on today

C=Countries (History) Persian Gulf Conflict: 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait in an effort to control their oil reserves. United Nations and U.S. supported Kuwait in the war against Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein This was known as the Persian Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm 1991, Iraq accepted a truce and withdrew

C=Countries (History) Invasion of Afghanistan: 2001, attacks on the U.S. began a military operation in Afghanistan to capture the terrorist group, Al-Qaeda It was believed that the radical Muslim government of Afghanistan, the Taliban, was hiding Al-Qaeda U.S. forces are still there

C=Countries (History) Invasion of Iraq: 2003, U.S. claimed that Saddam Hussein had nuclear weapons and was helping Al-Qaeda Also called Operation Iraqi Freedom U.S. forces are still there

C=Countries (History) How Nationalism led to Independence India -Part of British empire -Indian National Congress and Muslim League work together to become independent -Gandhi – refused to cooperate with British law through civil disobedience (non-violent) -end of WWII, British grant independence but Hindu and Muslim require creation of two countries – India and Pakistan

C=Countries (History) Vietnam -worked to maintain independence from China. Protest French rule – Ho Chi Minh leader. US involved – afraid of communist takeover of region (Domino Effect). US withdraws and becomes Republic of Vietnam. Japan -US rebuilt after WWII. MacArthur Constitution requires two house parliament called Diet. Emperor is ceremonial or symbol – no control. Could not rebuild military.

C=Countries (History) China Mao Zedong set up Communist party in China. Tried to control and improve through -Great Leap Forward – organize farms into collectives – made things worse -Cultural Revolution – encourage students to leave school and fight against anything that encouraged class differences -Tiananmen Square – student protest against communism – Xiaoping ordered soldiers to end protest – arrested and fired on students

C=Countries (History) Foreign Involvement Korea -end of WWII, USSR control North and US controlled South. Communist North and Democratic South -US believed all countries around them would fall like dominoes (Domino Theory) if South Korea became communist. Ended N=Communist and S=Democratic

C=Countries (History) Foreign Involvement Vietnam -also Domino Theory -Ho Chi Minh = communist, US support French reclaim after WWII. France give up and US step in from 1954-1975 -ended with all Vietnam communist

C=Countries (History) African countries became independent after WWII Europeans first wanted slaves then raw materials Imperialism, Europeans control economy and government Indirect rule – using Africans to run colony Assimilation – giving up one’s own customs for another New African countries followed old colonial boundaries Nationalism –Supporting a national identity when it does not exist as a sovereign nation, desire for self-rule Pan-African movement – get Africans to think of themselves as one people and work together

C=Countries (History) South Africa Founded by Dutch in 1600s called Boers Apartheid, legal separation of races ANC (African National Congress), organized to end apartheid F.W. DeKlerk, white president who let Mandela out of prison Nelson Mandela, first democratically elected black president

C=Countries (History) Kenya – former British colony, Joseph Kenyatta first leader, Nigeria – civil war between Christian south and Muslim north, military coups and violence, corruption, unstable government Nigeria –has oil but is a poor country, government corruption, civil war, military rule, has arable land but government focus is on oil South Africa – developed country, skilled workers, gold and diamond mines, high unemployment

R=Religion Religious group – shares a belief system in a god or gods, with specific set of rituals and literature Christianity, Islam, and Judaism started in the Middle East These religions share a common history There is great conflict between these groups still

R=Religion Judaism: Israel is the only country that is mostly Jewish Monotheistic – believe in one God Spiritual text – the Torah Believe to have a covenant with God (Yahweh) in which he promised them the land in Israel Founder – Abraham Believers are called Jews

R=Religion Christianity: Grew out of Judaism Founder – Jesus Christ Monotheistic Spiritual text – the Bible Largest religion Believers are called Christians

R=Religion Islam Began in Mecca Founder – Muhammad Monotheistic; believe in Allah Believers are called Muslims Spiritual Text – Quran Follow the 5 Pillars Separated into two sects after Muhammad’s death: Sunni Muslims Shia Muslims

R=Religion Islam (Continued): Sunni Muslims Believe that the Muslim leadership should go to the one that can keep the community together the most 85% of Muslims Shia Muslims Believe that the Muslim leadership should go to a direct descendant of Muhammad. Iran is over 90% Shia

R=Religion HINDUISM -one of the oldest religions -developed in India out of Aryans -Vedas -reincarnation -Karma Buddhism -began in India with Gautama -Four Noble Truths -Nirvana – end of suffering, a state of peace -Middle Way and Eight Fold Path -Caste system

R=Religion Shinto -earliest religion in Japan -Kami – divine spirit in nature -altars in home Confucianism -Confucius -key to peace and order is good character and virtue -Golden Rule -Five basic relationships -mainly China Traditional African – spirits with supernatural powers

C=Culture and Climate Ethnic group – a group of people who share cultural ideas and beliefs that have been a part of their community for generations. Share things such as language, religion, types of food, history, celebrations, etc. Arabs Believe that they are descendants of Abraham Most are Muslim Many are Christians Speak Arabic Make up majority of those living in Middle East

C=Culture and Climate Persians: Live in Iran Descended from Indo-Europeans Speak Farsi Practice Islam (most are Shia Muslims) Kurds: Found in mountainous areas where Syria, Turkey, and Iran come together Speak Kurdish Hope to have their own nation Most are Sunni Muslim

C=Culture and Climate The three major rivers in the Middle East offer: Transportation Drinking water Boundary lines Irrigation Trade Major cities, which are the center of industry, are located along the rivers

C=Culture and Climate Large deserts, such as Syrian Desert and Rub al Khali, provide natural barriers Led to a way of life that was developed around surviving harsh surroundings Bedouins - desert nomads; live in tent camps, they are herders and traders Very hot and dry climate Many people are subsistence farmers – grow small amounts to take care of personal needs

C=Culture and Climate Many types of irrigation are used in the Middle East to bring water to those dry areas Desalination – process of removing salt and other chemicals from seawater so that it can be drinkable and usable Dams have been built to create hydroelectric power This causes a problem because it creates more water for one country while taking water away from another

C=Culture and Climate India -subcontinent, fertile plain, seasonal monsoons used for agriculture. Live along rivers because rely on agriculture. Cities overcrowded China -every type of climate, most live in the milder climate – in the east by industry and farming Japan -ocean effect climate, typhoons, monsoons, farmers live in warmer, fishers live in cooler

C=Culture and Climate South Korea -warmer climate, much farming North Korea -mountainous, colder, not as heavily populated as South Korea Vietnam -warm, tropical, farming 90% of world’s rice grown here Swahili = Bantu + Arabic languages

T= Trade (Economics) Located between three continents, the Middle East has played a major role in trade. Conflict has risen because of the uneven distribution of oil. Natural gas and oil bring wealth into the region Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – controls the price of oil on the world market Rich in oil – Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait No oil – Israel

T= Trade (Economics) Literacy – the ability to read and write, has a big effect on the standard of living (economy) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – value of goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. Used to measure living conditions of a country Higher GDP = better living conditions Per capita – amount of goods and services produced divided by total population

T= Trade (Economics) Traditional Economy – based on customs and how decisions were made in the past Rural areas Subsistence farmers and herders Barter and trade goods, not money Command Economy – government makes basic economic decisions for workers Government answers the three basic economic questions, not individuals Example: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, N. Korea

T= Trade (Economics) Market Economy – individuals answer the three basic questions of economics and make economic decisions. Also called free – enterprise, laissez-faire, and capitalist Japan and S. Korea Mixed Economy – has characteristics of both market and command economies Example: Israel, India (more Market), China (more Command)

T= Trade (Economics) Three basic economic questions: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce? Specialization – products a country makes best and other countries demand Trade barriers – anything that slows down or prevents a country from trading

T= Trade (Economics) Tariff – tax placed on goods Quota – sets a specific amount of a particular product that can be imported Embargo – when one country won’t trade with another Exchange rate – a system of changing from one type of currency to another

T= Trade (Economics) Human capital – skills that allow workers to produce goods Capital goods – factories, machines, and technology that people use to make goods Entrepreneurs – think of new ways to combine productive resources and produce goods Risk takers Creative and original

T= Trade (Economics) CHINA -Mao Zedong - set up collective farms, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution -Xiaoping – Four Modernizations, Special Economic Zones near coast to encourage international business *today more small business INDIA -traditional and market -Green Revolution to modernize agriculture but caused water pollution -movie industry, technology, outsourcing

T= Trade (Economics) JAPAN - Technology advanced - Little farmland, terraces - Government involved with trade barriers NORTH KOREA -least open, most government directed, highly command -not enough agriculture to feed population – government tells them what to grow -mineral resources -money spent on military

T= Trade (Economics) HUMAN CAPITAL vs. GDP -INDIA highly educated, human capital very important, top 10 industrial nation, GDP increasing by 8.5% a year -CHINA highly invested in human capital, GDP increasing by 8% a year, rural areas still low and economy not strong there -JAPAN one of the most powerful industrial nations, literacy 99% - among most highly educated in the world

T= Trade (Economics) CAPITAL vs. GDP INDIA invest in factories, machinery and technology; increase GDP CHINA modern equipment and technology; increase GDP JAPAN nearly all GDP comes from industry and services. Invest in technology to increase GDP – made more investment in capital than most countries in the world

T= Trade (Economics) Water issues – pollution, unequal distribution, irrigation, human consumption, linked to economic growth HIV/AIDS in Africa, severe problem, lack of government organization to prevent spread

T= Trade (Economics) Personal Finance: Income – money earned Savings – money not used for needs and wants Financial investment – bank accounts with interest, mutual funds, certificates of deposit Real investment – equipment, factories, real estate Credit – ability to borrow money

GCRCT Review Foldable