Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812

1. Jeffersonian Republic1800-1812

2. The Big Ideas Of This Chapter Jefferson’s effective, pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican gov’t - even though Jeffersonian “revolution” caused sharp partisan battles Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangledin the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo thatrevived the moribund Federalist Party James Madisonfell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. The country went to war against Britain. Western War Hawks’ enthusiasmfor a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders’ hostility.

3. Cultural Nationalism • Education  The “Virtuous Citizen” • An American form of English • Noah Webster

4. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” Is that true? Economically? Some historians say they are the same b/w Jefferson and Hamilton both dealt with rich people - be they merchants or southern planters Some historians say they are the same b/c Jefferson did not hold to his “Strict Constructionist” theory because Louisiana purchase Allowing the Nat’l bank Charter to expire rather than “destroying it” as soon as he took office

5. 1800 Election Results

6. 1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

7. 1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)  1 vote for each State  • Despite their political differences, Hamilton knew that Jefferson was the better • man for the job. Much more qualified than Burr • This deadlock pointed out a flaw in Constitution – as a result 12th amendment • was passed, requiring separate ballots be cast for President and VP

8. 2004 Election Headlines Outreach effort andmoral valuestheme pays off for Bush with Hispanics-- Nov. 3, 2004 [FOX News] Election Reinforces USA’sReligious Schism-- Nov. 4, 2004 [USA Today] 'It's a Victory for People Like Us' BushEmphasis on ValuesDrew Ohio Evangelicals-- Nov. 5, 2004 [Washington Post]

9. 2004 Election Poll Data

10. 2004 Election Poll Data

11. Jefferson tried to cutback on government He appealed to the common man (even wearing slippers and work clothes in the office!) He reduced the size of the army Halted an expansion of the navy Cut back on costs of govt social functions A New Style Of Gov’t http://www.netaonline.org/JeffersonAtDesk.jpg

12. First party overturn in history of the country Significance: demonstrated the efficacy of a two-party system Significance

13. Jefferson surprisingly kept most of Hamilton’s Financial Plan intact Kept most of go’vt officials Did get rid of excise tax Kept the B-FAT As a president, Jefferson is pragmatist rather than an idealist Alien and Sedition Act expires Congress enacted new naturalization law *Succeeded in cutting nat’l debt and balancing budget by cutting gov’t spending. Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin gov’t that governs least, governs best Gov’t for the people Significance

14. Federalists are very important in the courts Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice; Marshall served for 30 years - Marshall’s decisions strengthened the power of SC and of federal government - he solidified the federalist position in the court JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT

15. As Adams is about to leave office, he pushes through Congress the Judiciary Act of 1801 He adds 16 new federal judges! All the new judges are – you guessed it – Federalists. (Adams hopes to influence future federal judiciary decisions this way.) As he signed their appointments late on his last day in office they are called the Midnight Judges. THE “MIDNIGHT JUDGES”

16. Furious! – Jefferson argues that some of the documents authorizing the appointments had not been delivered by the time Adams left office, they were invalid THIS LED TO ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT CASES OF ALL TIME: MARBURY v. MADISON JEFFERSON’S REACTION TO ADAMS’ “PACKING THE COURT”

17. This creates the case of Marbury v Madison which is one of THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT DECISIONS in U.S. history to-be-judge Wm. Marbury never got his papers from J. Madison he takes it to court saying the Judiciary Act of 1789 required those papers to be delivered MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

18. ACTIVITY 1) Name of Case- 2) Facts: Who was involved in case? What happened? 3) Issue- What was the legal issue that had to be decided? 4) Arguments for the Petitioner- What are the arguments for the petioner? What precednets were cited? 5) Arguments for the Respondent- What were the arguments for the Respondent? What Precedents were cited? 6) Decision- What was the decision of the court? What was their reasoning? Were there any significant dissenting opinions?

19. What did the Court say? Did Marbury have the right to the commission? Pointing to law passed by Congress which told how justices of the peace should be appointed, the Court said he did 2. Was the gov’t required to make amends? The Court said when gov’t officials (like Madison) hurt people (like Marbury) by neglecting their legal duties (such as delivering the commission), our laws require that a remedy be found 3. If the gov’t was required to make amends, did that mean that Madison must be ordered to deliver Marbury’s commission as Marbury had requested? Here is the surprise: Marshal said: YES, a court could issue such an order, but NO, this was not the right court to issue it Why wasn’t this the right court to issue it? Marbury had taken advantage of a part of the Judiciary Act that allowed complaints such as his be taken straight to the Supreme Court instead of going through the lower courts. Chief Justice Marshall, however, said that this law was unconstitutional. The Constitution does say some cases can go straight to the Supreme Court but other cases must go through lower courts first. It did not matter that Congress had passed a law saying something different, because the Constitution is a higher law When two laws come into conflict, judges must obey the higher of them - in this case the Constitution MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

20. In others words: The Supreme Court has power to rule a law by the Congress unconstitutional - Significance: established Judicial Review Importance: contrast w/ Va Ky resolutions which claimed states had the right of review…which is _______ theory MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

21. Jefferson threatens Supreme Court Impeachment voted on by House Senate did not impeach Henceforth, no attempts to reshape the Court by impeachment Impeachment of Samuel Chase

22. Attack by pirates of N. Africa Forced to buy protection Pasha of Tripoli declared war on U.S. U.S. Navy led by Stephen Decatur “mosquito fleet” Tripolitan War1801-1805 http://z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/8/2/TripolitanWar.jpg

23. 1800, Napoleon persuades Spain to return Louisiana to France. [Spain had gotten it from France in 1762.] Secret Transfer of Louisiana to France worries Jefferson – a strong French presence mid-continent may force US into an alliance w/ GB Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans and western Florida from the French THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

24. Jefferson sends Monroe to negotiate w/ Napoleon Napoleon had tried to reconquer France’s most important island colony (Saint Dominque, now Haiti), but failed So Napoleon wants to sell all of Louisiana! Monroe and Livingston (US ambassador to France) close the deal for $15,000,000 “Let’s Make a Deal”

25. Jefferson actually doubted that the government could legally buy Louisiana Especially for a “strict constructionist” – since no where in the Constitution does it say a president can buy land It will cost and the debt will rise Federalists dislike it b/c new western lands will be loyal to the Republicans But Senate ratified the treaty. Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the US Western half of richest river valley in the world Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to the Gulf of Mexico including N.O. Paved the way for expansion Ended European expansion in North America Avoided war w/ France Boosted American nat’lism Is the purchase constitutional?

26. “The Corps of Discovery” – Jefferson appoints Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory From St. Louis to the Pacific Information about unknown plants and animals Learn as much as possible about Native Americans as they travel through the region 2 years and 4 months resulting in acquisition of invaluable info about the western territories Sacajawea serves as interpreter and guide LEWIS AND CLARK

27. Burr vice president under TJ Essex Junto: Small group of Federalist extremists plotted New England’s secession from the union and the creation of a seven-state northern confederacy Federalist-dominated New England felt threatened by Jefferson’s political dominance & the La. Purchase which would lead to western expansion Tried to get Hamilton to run for gov’nor of NY then lead the secessionist mov’t - Hamilton refused They then turned to Burr Hamilton defeated Burr in gov’nor election Burr challenged him to a duel Burr Conspiracy

28. 1806 Burr tried to separate western part of U.S. and unite it w/ to-be-conquered Spanish territory west of La. Territory Burr supported James Wilkinson, military gov’nor of upper La., who later told Jefferson Burr arrested John Marshall dropped the case when 2 witnesses for gov’t couldn’t be found Burr Conspiracy

29. Jefferson reelected in 1804

30. Seas ruled by Britain Britain at war w/ France Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Br. Commander of the H.M.S. Leopard demanded surrender of four alleged Br. Deserters on the U.S.S. Chesapeake - American cap’t refused Leopard fired at the Chesapeake: 3 dead; 18 wounded American reaction was the most hostile since the XYZ Affair (Br. admitted its error) Jefferson called for action Forbade Br. Ships to dock at American ports Ordered st. gov’nor to bring up militia France vs. Britain

31. Forbade export of all goods from the U.S. Force Br. And Fr to respect its rights Loose construction of the Constitution Congress’ power to “regulate commerce” meant it could stop exports Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights theory Embargo Act 1807 It was a disaster! 1807 U.S. exports = $108 million 1808 U.S. exports = $22 million NE trade most affected Mounds of goods unsold in South Jefferson gets Congress to pass tougher laws - NE thinks secession Repealed 1809

32. Replaced Embargo Act Reopened trade with all nations of the world except Fr and Br Remain U.S. policy until 1812 Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

33. Why did the Embargo fail?-He underestimated Br.(Order in Council)- Napoleon could afford to ignore the American trade (seized ships)- Difficult to enforce - costly, smugglingWhy Should You Care?Shipping tied up and imported goods scarce, New England reopened old factories.*Real foundations of modern industrial industry were laidWeakened Jefferson’s party

34. Jefferson’s legacy: Presidency Peaceful transfer of power 1801 Maintained many Federal programs: Nat’l bank, tariffs, funding at par, kept most public servants Reversed excise tax, pardoned martyrs from Sedition act, new naturalization law, reduced debt, balanced budget Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison Impeachment of Chase 5. Expansion: Louisiana Purchase 6. Tripolitan Wars 7. Embargo Act 8. “father of the 2-term presidency” Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

35. Jefferson’s legacy: Expansionism Expansionism becomes prime goal of Jeffersonians Federalist like expansion too but: In Old Northwest not the South Northwest not subdued until Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 Southern conquest difficult b/c Spanish presence La. Purchase changed all of that Historically stunning achievement - no society ever had indefinite expansion and hemisphere supremacy w/out building strong centralized state (big armies, big navies, big taxation) Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

36. Jefferson’s legacy: Expansionism Hard side of Expansionism Removal of Amerindians, blacks, & Spanish in Florida Empire for liberty was for whites only 2. Barbary Wars - attempt to expand agriculture empire Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

37. Jefferson’s legacy: Democratic non-aristocratic gov’t Gov’t that governs least, gov’ns best Lower debt, promote states’ rights 2. Feared more than 2 presidential terms might lead to dictatorship 3. Retained faith in democracy and common people Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

38. Jefferson’s legacy: Total defeat of Federalists by 1816 “High Federalists” had been moving towards creation of European style aristocracy through creation of standing army and gov’t suppression of political opponents Most high-ranking officers were Federalists Burr tried to get ranking officer James Wilkinson, to support secession of western territory 2. The military victory in 1807 against Barbary pirates and in Europe meant officer corps became loyal to Jerrersonians Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

39. Jefferson’s legacy: Kept the country out of damaging European war War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s terms Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

40. I mpeachment of Samuel Chase H amilton’s plan kept by Jefferson (except excise tax) A agrarian empire (westward expansion) T ripolitan War E embargo Act, 1807 L ouisiana Purchase 1803 A rmy reduced in size (Federalist lose major center of power) M arbury v. Madison 1803 B urr Conspiracies (1804 in NY, 1806 in the West) Thomas JeffersonMemory Aid Jeffersonian Democracy

41. Presidential Election of 1808

42. James Madison Becomes President

43. Dolly Madison

44. Madison and War of 1812 To be continued…