Stability Operations Support Operations

1. Stability Operations & Support Operations FM 3-07 (100-20) DTD February 2002 

2. "In one moment in time, our service members will be feeding and clothing displaced refugees - providing humanitarian assistance. In the next moment, they will be holding two warring tribes apart - conducting peacekeeping operations. Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal mid-intensity battle. All on the same day, all within three city blocks. It will be what we call the three block war." - General Charles C. Krulak, USMC Charles C. Krulak, "The Three Block War: Fighting in Urban Areas," National Press Club, Vital Speeches of the Day, 15 December 1997 In the future, peacekeeping and, to a lesser extent, peace enforcement operations will remain essentially police actions, requiring a long-term, highly visible, traditional infantry "presence" to create an aura of normalcy and stability. On the other hand, we believe that mid-intensity war in urban areas can be successfully prosecuted using rapid strikes conducted by specialized urban forces equipped with future advanced technology systems. In this article, we will briefly outline our vision of future urban operations, examine the capabilities required to achieve this vision, and discuss the development of the advanced Urban Warfighter System that will help provide these capabilities. "In one moment in time, our service members will be feeding and clothing displaced refugees - providing humanitarian assistance. In the next moment, they will be holding two warring tribes apart - conducting peacekeeping operations. Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal mid-intensity battle. All on the same day, all within three city blocks. It will be what we call the three block war." - General Charles C. Krulak, USMC Charles C. Krulak, "The Three Block War: Fighting in Urban Areas," National Press Club, Vital Speeches of the Day, 15 December 1997 In the future, peacekeeping and, to a lesser extent, peace enforcement operations will remain essentially police actions, requiring a long-term, highly visible, traditional infantry "presence" to create an aura of normalcy and stability. On the other hand, we believe that mid-intensity war in urban areas can be successfully prosecuted using rapid strikes conducted by specialized urban forces equipped with future advanced technology systems. In this article, we will briefly outline our vision of future urban operations, examine the capabilities required to achieve this vision, and discuss the development of the advanced Urban Warfighter System that will help provide these capabilities.

3. Terminal Learning Objective Action: Describe the SOSO Environment Conditions: Given a guided classroom discussion and access to the appropriate publications. Standards: Described the SOS Environment Terminal Learning Objective Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements. At the completion of this lesson, you [the student] will: Action: Describe the Conditions: Given a guided classroom discussion and access to the appropriate publications. Standards: Described the Terminal Learning Objective Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements. At the completion of this lesson, you [the student] will: Action: Describe the Conditions: Given a guided classroom discussion and access to the appropriate publications. Standards: Described the

4. Stability / SupportOperations Stability: promote and protect US national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment ... Support: employ Armed Forces to assist civil authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering The Army conducts full spectrum operations to accomplish missions in both war and military operations other than war (MOOTW). Full spectrum operations include offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. Stability operations and support operations predominate in MOOTW that may include certain small scale contingencies and peacetime military engagement. Stability Operations promote and protect US national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment through a combination of peacetime developmental, cooperative activities, and coercive actions in response to crisis. Support Operations employ Armed Forces to assist civil authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering. US Forces conduct these operations to deter war, resolve conflict, promote peace, strengthen democratic processes, retain US influence or access abroad, assist US civil authorities, and support moral and legal imperatives.The Army conducts full spectrum operations to accomplish missions in both war and military operations other than war (MOOTW). Full spectrum operations include offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. Stability operations and support operations predominate in MOOTW that may include certain small scale contingencies and peacetime military engagement. Stability Operations promote and protect US national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment through a combination of peacetime developmental, cooperative activities, and coercive actions in response to crisis. Support Operations employ Armed Forces to assist civil authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering. US Forces conduct these operations to deter war, resolve conflict, promote peace, strengthen democratic processes, retain US influence or access abroad, assist US civil authorities, and support moral and legal imperatives.

5. It is the intent of Congress to provide an Army that is capable of ... Preserving peace and security, and providing for the defense of the US, the Territories, Commonwealths, possessions, and any areas occupied by the US Supporting the national policies Implementing the national objectives Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the US Army forces are employed worldwide in stability operations and support operation for two key reasons: 1. Policy and legal basis for such activities exist 2. Army capabilities are often the best choice to meet the requirement History has shown that stability and support operations are an integral part of the military contribution to those objectives. The Army responds because it can rapidly marshal and apply the required resources and capabilities. The Army has the ability to: Task Organize Deploy or be employed Use logistic systems Control terrain and influence the population (in the area of operations) Army forces are employed worldwide in stability operations and support operation for two key reasons: 1. Policy and legal basis for such activities exist 2. Army capabilities are often the best choice to meet the requirement History has shown that stability and support operations are an integral part of the military contribution to those objectives. The Army responds because it can rapidly marshal and apply the required resources and capabilities. The Army has the ability to: Task Organize Deploy or be employed Use logistic systems Control terrain and influence the population (in the area of operations)

6. Stability Operations(Ten Broad Types) Peace Operations Foreign Internal Defense Security Assistance Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Support to Insurgencies Support to Counterdrug Operations Combating Terrorism Non-Combatant Evacuation Arms Control Show of Force Stability Operations typically fall into ten broad types that are neither discrete nor mutually exclusive. For example, a force engaged in a peace operation may also find itself conducting arms control or a show of force to shape the conditions for achieving an end state. 1. Peace Operations: Peacekeeping / Peace Enforcement 2. Foreign Internal Defense: Indirect Support / Direct Support / Combat Operations 3. Security Assistance 4. Humanitarian and Civic Assistance 5. Support to Insurgencies: Conventional Combat Actions / Unconventional Warfare 6. Support to Counterdrug Operations: Detection and Monitoring / Host Nation Support / C4 / Intelligence, Planning, Logistic Training and Manpower Support / Reconnaissance 7. Combating Terrorism: Antiterrorism / Counter-terrorism 8. Noncombatant Evacuation 9. Arms Control: Inspection / Protection / Destruction 10. Show of Force: Increased Force Visibility / Exercises and Demonstrations Stability Operations typically fall into ten broad types that are neither discrete nor mutually exclusive. For example, a force engaged in a peace operation may also find itself conducting arms control or a show of force to shape the conditions for achieving an end state. 1. Peace Operations: Peacekeeping / Peace Enforcement 2. Foreign Internal Defense: Indirect Support / Direct Support / Combat Operations 3. Security Assistance 4. Humanitarian and Civic Assistance 5. Support to Insurgencies: Conventional Combat Actions / Unconventional Warfare 6. Support to Counterdrug Operations: Detection and Monitoring / Host Nation Support / C4 / Intelligence, Planning, Logistic Training and Manpower Support / Reconnaissance 7. Combating Terrorism: Antiterrorism / Counter-terrorism 8. Noncombatant Evacuation 9. Arms Control: Inspection / Protection / Destruction 10. Show of Force: Increased Force Visibility / Exercises and Demonstrations

7. Support Operations(Two Broad Types) Domestic Support Operations Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Two types of support operations exist: domestic support (DSO) and foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA). The subordinate forms of these types are 1. Relief Operations 2. Support to WMD Incidents 3. Support to Civil Law Enforcement 4. Community Assistance DSO are usually conducted after the President declares an emergency - however they can also be conducted under imminently serious conditions. The Army normally responds to domestic emergencies in support of another federal agency. FHA operations apply Army forces to supplement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities by conducting activities limited in both scope and duration. The Army participates in these unilateral, multinational, or international operations through agencies such as the United Nations.Two types of support operations exist: domestic support (DSO) and foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA). The subordinate forms of these types are 1. Relief Operations 2. Support to WMD Incidents 3. Support to Civil Law Enforcement 4. Community Assistance DSO are usually conducted after the President declares an emergency - however they can also be conducted under imminently serious conditions. The Army normally responds to domestic emergencies in support of another federal agency. FHA operations apply Army forces to supplement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities by conducting activities limited in both scope and duration. The Army participates in these unilateral, multinational, or international operations through agencies such as the United Nations.

8. History(1866-1999) Indian Wars Philippines Haiti Germany Japan Korea Lebanon Dominican Republic Sinai Northern Iraq* Cambodia* Somalia* Rwanda* Haiti* Peru-Ecuador* East Timor* Stability operations and support operations are not new to the Army and while many of these operations occurred during peacetime, what we now call stability operations and support operations emerged during the 20th century as a major contributor to the overall success of combat operations. The listed places of operations depicts the increasing frequency of US military involvement and unanticipated contingencies that require stability and support operations. Indian Wars: 1866-1898 / Philippines: 1898-1913 / Haiti: 1915-1934 Germany: 1945-1959 / Japan: 1945-1952 / Korea: 1953-1954 Lebanon: 1958, 1982-1984 / Dominican Republic: 1965 / Sinai: 1979-Present Northern Iraq: 1991-1992 / Cambodia: 1992-1993 / Somalia: 1992-1994 Rwanda: 1993-1994 / Haiti: 1995-1999 / Peru-Ecuador: 1995-1999 East Timor: 1999-Present / UN Peacekeeping missions: 1948-Present The current strategic environment is complex, dynamic, and uncertain. The demands that will be placed on the Army to conduct operations in this century, 21st, will be even greater than ever. Stability operations and support operations are not new to the Army and while many of these operations occurred during peacetime, what we now call stability operations and support operations emerged during the 20th century as a major contributor to the overall success of combat operations. The listed places of operations depicts the increasing frequency of US military involvement and unanticipated contingencies that require stability and support operations. Indian Wars: 1866-1898 / Philippines: 1898-1913 / Haiti: 1915-1934 Germany: 1945-1959 / Japan: 1945-1952 / Korea: 1953-1954 Lebanon: 1958, 1982-1984 / Dominican Republic: 1965 / Sinai: 1979-Present Northern Iraq: 1991-1992 / Cambodia: 1992-1993 / Somalia: 1992-1994 Rwanda: 1993-1994 / Haiti: 1995-1999 / Peru-Ecuador: 1995-1999 East Timor: 1999-Present / UN Peacekeeping missions: 1948-Present The current strategic environment is complex, dynamic, and uncertain. The demands that will be placed on the Army to conduct operations in this century, 21st, will be even greater than ever.

9. Current Operations Sinai (MFO): 1982-? Kuwait (Southern Watch): 1991-? Macedonia: 1992-? Croatia (Provide Promise): 1992-? Kuwait (Vigilant Warrior): 1994-? Haiti: 1994-? Bosnia: 1995-? Kosovo: 1999-? Many modern and current conflicts do not directly affect the interests of the US, however, others affect US humanitarian interests, safety of US citizens, and the stability necessary to sustain democratic government. Elements of instability can help in determining the situation. Balance of Power - shifting and unstable power balances threaten to engage the vital interests of the US. Nationalism - nationalist movements arise from the belief that nations benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals. Clash of Cultures - rejection of Western political and cultural values Demographics - population growth strains the resources and social structures of the state affected. Ungovernability - the ability of governments to govern effectively is being eroded in much of the world (immature government infrastructures/organized crime). Environmental Risks - natural disasters and changes in climate can ruin the regions economy and send the populace across borders / refugees. Propaganda - used to control public opinion or awareness Many modern and current conflicts do not directly affect the interests of the US, however, others affect US humanitarian interests, safety of US citizens, and the stability necessary to sustain democratic government. Elements of instability can help in determining the situation. Balance of Power - shifting and unstable power balances threaten to engage the vital interests of the US. Nationalism - nationalist movements arise from the belief that nations benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals. Clash of Cultures - rejection of Western political and cultural values Demographics - population growth strains the resources and social structures of the state affected. Ungovernability - the ability of governments to govern effectively is being eroded in much of the world (immature government infrastructures/organized crime). Environmental Risks - natural disasters and changes in climate can ruin the regions economy and send the populace across borders / refugees. Propaganda - used to control public opinion or awareness

10. Stability Operations Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.

11. Planning Considerations Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense. The following is a list of considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations. Maneuver - transition to combat operations, combat support, combat service support, freedom of movement, and adequate reserves Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance - human intelligence, counter-intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, priority intelligence requirements, non-traditional databases, monitoring targets, intelligence synchronization, split-based operations, and mapping Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense. The following is a list of considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations. Maneuver - transition to combat operations, combat support, combat service support, freedom of movement, and adequate reserves Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance - human intelligence, counter-intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, priority intelligence requirements, non-traditional databases, monitoring targets, intelligence synchronization, split-based operations, and mapping

12. Planning Considerations Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense. The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations. Fire Support - lethal and non-lethal capabilities Air Defense - passive and active defense measures Mobility/Counter-mobility/Survivability - combat engineer support, combat support, combat service support, general engineer support, and chemical unitsCommanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense. The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations. Fire Support - lethal and non-lethal capabilities Air Defense - passive and active defense measures Mobility/Counter-mobility/Survivability - combat engineer support, combat support, combat service support, general engineer support, and chemical units

13. Planning Considerations Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense. The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations. Logistics and Combat Service Support - nonstandard logistics, CSS to other agencies, combat health support, and resource management Command and Control - command relationships and information management Other considerations - mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops, time, and civilians (METT-TC), civil military operations, force protection, information operations, deployment, and redeploymentCommanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense. The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations. Logistics and Combat Service Support - nonstandard logistics, CSS to other agencies, combat health support, and resource management Command and Control - command relationships and information management Other considerations - mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops, time, and civilians (METT-TC), civil military operations, force protection, information operations, deployment, and redeployment

14. Foreign Internal Defense Categories Indirect Support - military exchange programs, joint and multinational exercises, security assistance Direct Support - civil military operations, intelligence and communications sharing, logistics support Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN forces can stabilize Counterinsurgency HN Security Force Operations - protect / isolate the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize / defeat the guerrilla forces The Role of the US Army - centers on administering and execute security assistance programs Planning Considerations Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a primary program used to support friendly nations operating in or threatened with potential hostilities. FID promotes regional stability by supporting a host nation program of internal defense and development. Ideally this program will incorporate all elements in a synergistic manner that best supports both HN requirements and US national policy and interests. Categories: The military plays an important role supporting role in the FID programs. It should be noted that the following categories can occur simultaneously. Indirect Support - military exchange programs, joint and multinational exercises, security assistance Direct Support - civil military operations, intelligence and communications sharing, logistics support Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN forces can stabilize Counterinsurgency: actions taken by a government to defeat an organized movement aimed to overthrow a constituted government through subversion and armed conflict. HN Security Force Operations - protect or isolate the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize, defeat the guerrilla forces The Role of the US Army - centers on administering and execute security assistance programs Planning Considerations: must consider the long-term or strategic effects of all US assistance efforts before implementing FID programs.Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a primary program used to support friendly nations operating in or threatened with potential hostilities. FID promotes regional stability by supporting a host nation program of internal defense and development. Ideally this program will incorporate all elements in a synergistic manner that best supports both HN requirements and US national policy and interests. Categories: The military plays an important role supporting role in the FID programs. It should be noted that the following categories can occur simultaneously. Indirect Support - military exchange programs, joint and multinational exercises, security assistance Direct Support - civil military operations, intelligence and communications sharing, logistics support Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN forces can stabilize Counterinsurgency: actions taken by a government to defeat an organized movement aimed to overthrow a constituted government through subversion and armed conflict. HN Security Force Operations - protect or isolate the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize, defeat the guerrilla forces The Role of the US Army - centers on administering and execute security assistance programs Planning Considerations: must consider the long-term or strategic effects of all US assistance efforts before implementing FID programs.

15. There is another type of warfare - new in its intensity, ancient in its origin - war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him � It prays on unrest �Our forces, therefore, must fulfill a broader role, as a complement to our diplomacy, as an army of our diplomacy, as a deterrent to our adversaries, and as a symbol to our allies of our determination to support them.John F. Kennedy The quote by John F. Kennedy found in FM 3-07, page 3-4, plays on the role of the US in FID. �There is another type of warfare - new in its intensity, ancient in its origin - war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him � It prays on unrest �Our forces, therefore, must fulfill a broader role, as a complement to our diplomacy, as an army of our diplomacy, as a deterrent to our adversaries, and as a symbol to our allies of our determination to support them.�The quote by John F. Kennedy found in FM 3-07, page 3-4, plays on the role of the US in FID. �There is another type of warfare - new in its intensity, ancient in its origin - war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him � It prays on unrest �

16. Peace Operations Forms of Peace Operations Peacekeeping Peace Enforcement Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts Concept of Employment Fundamentals of Peace Operations Command and Control Intelligence Information Operations Civil Law and Order Logistics Force Protection With the Cold War�s end, the threat of global war has become distant, but it has also brought increasing regional instability - along with opportunities to promote peace, prosperity, and enhance cooperation among nations. The challenges to global and regional stability have compelled the international community to increasingly call on military forces to prevent or end conflicts. These categories are the backbone of peace operations: Peacekeeping, Peace Enforcement, Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts, Concept of Employment, Fundamentals of Peace Operations, Command and Control, Intelligence, Information Operations, Civil Law and Order, Logistics, and Force Protection With the Cold War�s end, the threat of global war has become distant, but it has also brought increasing regional instability - along with opportunities to promote peace, prosperity, and enhance cooperation among nations. The challenges to global and regional stability have compelled the international community to increasingly call on military forces to prevent or end conflicts. These categories are the backbone of peace operations: Peacekeeping, Peace Enforcement, Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts, Concept of Employment, Fundamentals of Peace Operations, Command and Control, Intelligence, Information Operations, Civil Law and Order, Logistics, and Force Protection

17. Peace Operations The broad term peace operations encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. The US Army will participate in PO, either as part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or unilaterally. The broad term peace operations encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. The US Army will participate in PO, either as part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or unilaterally. However, unilateral employment is the least prevalent option; the US usually prefers the enhanced legitimacy of a multinational force. These operations are multi-agency operations involving diplomatic and humanitarian agencies with the military in support to prevent, control, and contain a complex emergency; redress the peace; or shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding.The broad term peace operations encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. The US Army will participate in PO, either as part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or unilaterally. However, unilateral employment is the least prevalent option; the US usually prefers the enhanced legitimacy of a multinational force. These operations are multi-agency operations involving diplomatic and humanitarian agencies with the military in support to prevent, control, and contain a complex emergency; redress the peace; or shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding.

18. Peacekeeping Observation Missions - primarily performed by unarmed military observers observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting any alleged violation of the governing agreements investigation alleged cease-fire violations, boundary incidents, and complaints conducting regular liaison visits within the operational area verifying the storage or destruction of certain categories of military equipment specified in the relevant agreements Observation missions are primarily performed by unarmed military observers but may also be performed by peacekeeping forces. UN observer groups may also use civilian personnel or police as observers. Here is a list of possible missions: a. observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting any alleged violation of the governing agreements b. investigation alleged cease-fire violations, boundary incidents, and complaints c. conducting regular liaison visits within the operational area d. verifying the storage or destruction of certain categories of military equipment specified in the relevant agreementsObservation missions are primarily performed by unarmed military observers but may also be performed by peacekeeping forces. UN observer groups may also use civilian personnel or police as observers. Here is a list of possible missions: a. observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting any alleged violation of the governing agreements b. investigation alleged cease-fire violations, boundary incidents, and complaints c. conducting regular liaison visits within the operational area d. verifying the storage or destruction of certain categories of military equipment specified in the relevant agreements

19. Peacekeeping Supervision and Assistance - lightly armed forces supervising cease-fires supervising disengagement's and withdrawals supervising prisoner of war exchanges assisting civil authorities providing military support to elections assisting in the maintenance of public order assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance operations Lightly armed forces normally perform supervision and assistance missions. The force undertaking these tasks requires large service support organizations, equipment, and finances. The following tasks may be performed when they are within the scope of the military mission, support the desired end state, and are authorized by appropriate authority: a. supervising cease-fires b. supervising disengagement's and withdrawals c. supervising prisoner of war exchanges d. assisting civil authorities e. providing military support to elections f. assisting in the maintenance of public order g. assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance operationsLightly armed forces normally perform supervision and assistance missions. The force undertaking these tasks requires large service support organizations, equipment, and finances. The following tasks may be performed when they are within the scope of the military mission, support the desired end state, and are authorized by appropriate authority: a. supervising cease-fires b. supervising disengagement's and withdrawals c. supervising prisoner of war exchanges d. assisting civil authorities e. providing military support to elections f. assisting in the maintenance of public order g. assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance operations

20. Peace Enforcement Normally conducted in several phases Phase I insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to establish a significant and visible military presence Subsequent Phases stabilizing the area and transitioning from a military presence to support for the development of a competent civil authority Peace enforcement (PE) is the application of military force or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compile compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order. The forces employed for such operations will be armed and equipped based on commanders� estimates and the factors of METT-TC. PE operations are normally conducted in several phases: Phase I - insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to establish a significant and visible military presence Subsequent Phases - stabilizing the area and transitioning from a military presence to support for the development of a competent civil authorityPeace enforcement (PE) is the application of military force or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compile compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order. The forces employed for such operations will be armed and equipped based on commanders� estimates and the factors of METT-TC. PE operations are normally conducted in several phases: Phase I - insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to establish a significant and visible military presence Subsequent Phases - stabilizing the area and transitioning from a military presence to support for the development of a competent civil authority

21. Peace Enforcement(subordinate operations) Forcible Separation of Belligerents separate belligerents disarm belligerents demobilization internment/resettlement operations Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas demilitarize areas that may contain residents, refugees, or displaced persons Forcible separation of belligerents - this eruption poses the highest risk of any PE subordinate operations and involves: a. separating belligerents b. disarming belligerents c. demobilization d. internment/resettlement operations Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas- demilitarize areas that may contain residents, refugees, or displaced personsForcible separation of belligerents - this eruption poses the highest risk of any PE subordinate operations and involves: a. separating belligerents b. disarming belligerents c. demobilization d. internment/resettlement operations Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas- demilitarize areas that may contain residents, refugees, or displaced persons

22. Peace Enforcement (subordinate operations) Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement Movement Denial and Guarantee Restoration and Maintenance of Order Protection of Humanitarian Assistance The following are more subordinate categories of peace enforcement. A. Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement - enforcement of sanctions include a broad range and have traditionally been considered acts of war, even though endorsed by the UN Security Council and commanders should posture their forces accordingly. B. Movement Denial and Guarantee - forces may be authorized to use force to prevent unauthorized movement of military forces instead of merely to observing and reporting activity. Forces guarantee transit rights of noncombatants, NGOs, or other groups through their controlling presence and deterrence. C. Restoration and Maintenance of Order - conducted to halt violence and to support, reinstate, or establish civil authorities. D. Protection of Humanitarian Assistance -may be tasked to provide protection for humanitarian assistance, to include protection of NGOs.The following are more subordinate categories of peace enforcement. A. Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement - enforcement of sanctions include a broad range and have traditionally been considered acts of war, even though endorsed by the UN Security Council and commanders should posture their forces accordingly. B. Movement Denial and Guarantee - forces may be authorized to use force to prevent unauthorized movement of military forces instead of merely to observing and reporting activity. Forces guarantee transit rights of noncombatants, NGOs, or other groups through their controlling presence and deterrence. C. Restoration and Maintenance of Order - conducted to halt violence and to support, reinstate, or establish civil authorities. D. Protection of Humanitarian Assistance -may be tasked to provide protection for humanitarian assistance, to include protection of NGOs.

23. Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts Preventive diplomacy Peacemaking Peace building Military support of diplomatic efforts improves the chances for success in the peace process by lending credibility to diplomatic actions and demonstrating resolve to achieve viable political settlements. While these activities are primarily the responsibility of civilian agencies, the Army forces may support diplomatic initiatives such as preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, and peace building. Preventive diplomacy consists of diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence. Peacemaking is a process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement. Peace-building consists of post-conflict actions, predominately diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild government infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.Military support of diplomatic efforts improves the chances for success in the peace process by lending credibility to diplomatic actions and demonstrating resolve to achieve viable political settlements. While these activities are primarily the responsibility of civilian agencies, the Army forces may support diplomatic initiatives such as preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, and peace building. Preventive diplomacy consists of diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence. Peacemaking is a process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement. Peace-building consists of post-conflict actions, predominately diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild government infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.

24. Concept of Employment Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight. Identify the early symptoms and attempt resolution, usually before the situation attracts the attention of the international media Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight. In the case of humanitarian crises, various organizations including governmental and non-governmental organizations will identify the early symptoms and attempt resolution, usually before the situation attracts the attention of the international media. The military objective is to create the conditions for other political, economic, and humanitarian peace building activities to achieve the political objective stated in the mandate and to transition from involvement. Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight. In the case of humanitarian crises, various organizations including governmental and non-governmental organizations will identify the early symptoms and attempt resolution, usually before the situation attracts the attention of the international media. The military objective is to create the conditions for other political, economic, and humanitarian peace building activities to achieve the political objective stated in the mandate and to transition from involvement.

25. Fundamentals of Peace Operations Consent Impartiality Transparency Restraint Credibility Freedom of Movement Flexibility Civil-Military Operations Legitimacy Perseverance The following fundamentals apply specifically to peace operations. Commanders and participants should understand these concepts as they conduct peace operations: Consent, Impartiality, Transparency, Restraint, Credibility, Freedom of Movement, Flexibility, Civil-Military Operations, Legitimacy, Perseverance. Although restraint, legitimacy, and perseverance are all elements of the principles of war, they have particular significance in peace operations. 1. The level of consent determines fundamentals of the operation; one side may consent the other may not. Commanders should seek ways to promote consent by making the parties shareholders in the peace process. 2. Impartiality requires the PO force to act on behalf of the peace process and mandate, and not show preference for any faction over another. 3. Transparency means that the PO force must communicate its intentions and capabilities to all audiences. 4. Restraint is an exercise in the prudent and appropriate application of military capability; restraints on weaponry, tactics, and levels of violence characterize the environment of PO. 5. Credibility reflects the warring faction�s assessment of the capability of the PO force to accomplish its mission. 6. Freedom of movement equates to maintaining the initiative, as amplified in the mandate, no restrictions are allowed against the movement of the peace force or of the civilian population. 7. The complex multinational and interagency environment in which US forces conduct PO require commanders at all levels to place a premium on initiative and flexibility. 8. Civil-Military Operations have always interacted with each other and they help harmonize civilian and military activities to maximize the use of resources designed to redress the deprivation and suffering of the people. 9. Legitimacy is required to sustain the willing acceptance by the people of the right of the government (or group) to govern or make and carry out decisions. 10. Perseverance requires an information strategy that clearly explains the goals, objectives, and desired end states and links them with US interests and concerns. The following fundamentals apply specifically to peace operations. Commanders and participants should understand these concepts as they conduct peace operations: Consent, Impartiality, Transparency, Restraint, Credibility, Freedom of Movement, Flexibility, Civil-Military Operations, Legitimacy, Perseverance. Although restraint, legitimacy, and perseverance are all elements of the principles of war, they have particular significance in peace operations. 1. The level of consent determines fundamentals of the operation; one side may consent the other may not. Commanders should seek ways to promote consent by making the parties shareholders in the peace process. 2. Impartiality requires the PO force to act on behalf of the peace process and mandate, and not show preference for any faction over another. 3. Transparency means that the PO force must communicate its intentions and capabilities to all audiences. 4. Restraint is an exercise in the prudent and appropriate application of military capability; restraints on weaponry, tactics, and levels of violence characterize the environment of PO. 5. Credibility reflects the warring faction�s assessment of the capability of the PO force to accomplish its mission. 6. Freedom of movement equates to maintaining the initiative, as amplified in the mandate, no restrictions are allowed against the movement of the peace force or of the civilian population. 7. The complex multinational and interagency environment in which US forces conduct PO require commanders at all levels to place a premium on initiative and flexibility. 8. Civil-Military Operations have always interacted with each other and they help harmonize civilian and military activities to maximize the use of resources designed to redress the deprivation and suffering of the people. 9. Legitimacy is required to sustain the willing acceptance by the people of the right of the government (or group) to govern or make and carry out decisions. 10. Perseverance requires an information strategy that clearly explains the goals, objectives, and desired end states and links them with US interests and concerns.

26. Command and Control Command Relations Coordination US military forces will normally operate as party of a multinational peace force and the preferred command relationship in PEO is lead nation or lead alliance; providing the peace force commander with the maximum control of forces where the risk may be high. Coordinated plans are essential for success in all PO and provide the civil-military interface that synchronizes the efforts of the various agencies assisting the peace process; whether objectives are humanitarian, political, or military, synchronization of effort is essential. US military forces will normally operate as party of a multinational peace force and the preferred command relationship in PEO is lead nation or lead alliance; providing the peace force commander with the maximum control of forces where the risk may be high. Coordinated plans are essential for success in all PO and provide the civil-military interface that synchronizes the efforts of the various agencies assisting the peace process; whether objectives are humanitarian, political, or military, synchronization of effort is essential.

27. Intelligence Human Intelligence Intelligence synchronization Tactical tailoring Broadcast dissemination Functions Indications and Warning Preparation of the Battlefield Situational Development Targeting and target Development Support for Force Protection Intelligence collection and productions is challenging in peace operations. The situation in the AO often reflects a convoluted historical process and the area may be remote. Several principles contribute to the success of intelligence support to peace operations: Human Intelligence is the dominant discipline; collecting against all participants, to support not only the military operation but also the political process in which the military is involved. Intelligence synchronization takes a broader dimension; considering multinational participants, many of whom do not have information sharing agreements with the US. Intelligence architecture must be task organized and the tactical commander of PO needs the intelligence to the tactical level. Broadcast dissemination is PO facilitates the push of information to commanders in the field; encompassing the various coalition command, control, communication, and intelligence guidelines. Intelligence Functions fall into five different categories: Indications and warning - monitoring potential situations that would change or alter the mandate of the forces. Intelligence preparation of the battlefield - a continuous process that gathers information on areas in which a unit might be required to operate. Situational development - the effort will be long term; predictive intelligence ensures that operations continue and initiative is sustained. Targeting and target development - targets can include civil and military leaders who control or influence the local population or the assets that these leaders use to achieve their ends. Support for Force Protection - early coordination for intelligence support to protect the force should be conducted with allies, partners, and the host nation. Intelligence collection and productions is challenging in peace operations. The situation in the AO often reflects a convoluted historical process and the area may be remote. Several principles contribute to the success of intelligence support to peace operations: Human Intelligence is the dominant discipline; collecting against all participants, to support not only the military operation but also the political process in which the military is involved. Intelligence synchronization takes a broader dimension; considering multinational participants, many of whom do not have information sharing agreements with the US. Intelligence architecture must be task organized and the tactical commander of PO needs the intelligence to the tactical level. Broadcast dissemination is PO facilitates the push of information to commanders in the field; encompassing the various coalition command, control, communication, and intelligence guidelines. Intelligence Functions fall into five different categories: Indications and warning - monitoring potential situations that would change or alter the mandate of the forces. Intelligence preparation of the battlefield - a continuous process that gathers information on areas in which a unit might be required to operate. Situational development - the effort will be long term; predictive intelligence ensures that operations continue and initiative is sustained. Targeting and target development - targets can include civil and military leaders who control or influence the local population or the assets that these leaders use to achieve their ends. Support for Force Protection - early coordination for intelligence support to protect the force should be conducted with allies, partners, and the host nation.

28. Information Operations Nature and Fundamentals The commander takes the lead Support IO with intelligence Establish and sustain an integrated team approach Anticipate and respond with speed, accuracy, and truth Involve every soldier Maintain transparency Gain and maintain access to the information environment Prepare for IO before development Offensive IO and the related activities of public affairs and CMO strengthen both consent and the legitimacy of the operation through the fundamental of transparency. Information is the peace operations commander�s primary means to influence groups of people to change attitudes and behavior. Commanders set the tone and drive the operation; taking the lead. The commanders must make this their personal focus so that the entire force can speak with one voice. The IO planner will require such products as nodal and link analysis based on accurate and up-to-date intelligence. Successful IO requires synchronizing all participants involved in the peace process; including nonmilitary agencies. Timing is essential in shaping perceptions. The public affairs officer must know operations as they unfold and release information when possible. Remember that every soldier is an ambassador and the more they influence populations, the better; ensure they understand the operation and can articulate it well. Always disseminate relevant information, including bad news and mistakes; supporting the legitimacy of the operation. Gain and maintain access to the information environment through websites or direct association with the media. Army forces should not wait until they receive deployment orders to begin to address the informational aspects of the operating and hope to gain the initiative.Offensive IO and the related activities of public affairs and CMO strengthen both consent and the legitimacy of the operation through the fundamental of transparency. Information is the peace operations commander�s primary means to influence groups of people to change attitudes and behavior. Commanders set the tone and drive the operation; taking the lead. The commanders must make this their personal focus so that the entire force can speak with one voice. The IO planner will require such products as nodal and link analysis based on accurate and up-to-date intelligence. Successful IO requires synchronizing all participants involved in the peace process; including nonmilitary agencies. Timing is essential in shaping perceptions. The public affairs officer must know operations as they unfold and release information when possible. Remember that every soldier is an ambassador and the more they influence populations, the better; ensure they understand the operation and can articulate it well. Always disseminate relevant information, including bad news and mistakes; supporting the legitimacy of the operation. Gain and maintain access to the information environment through websites or direct association with the media. Army forces should not wait until they receive deployment orders to begin to address the informational aspects of the operating and hope to gain the initiative.

29. Civil Law and Order Police - the HN or responsible international authority requests introducing civilian police and establishing a police training element Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable judicial system with JAG and CA support Penal - establish and run temporary confinement facilities until civilian agencies take the lead; if necessary War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the principles and spirit of the law of war to the extent practical and feasible; even when the state of war does not exist The rule of law is fundamental to peace and stability; a safe and secure environment maintained by a civilian law enforcement system must exist and operate in accordance with internationally recognized standards. The Army may be required to provide limited support through the following avenues: Police - the HN or responsible international authority requests introducing civilian police and establishing a police training element Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable judicial system with JAG and CA support Penal - establish and run temporary confinement facilities until civilian agencies take the lead; if necessary War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the principles and spirit of the law of war to the extent practical and feasible; even when the state of war does not exist The rule of law is fundamental to peace and stability; a safe and secure environment maintained by a civilian law enforcement system must exist and operate in accordance with internationally recognized standards. The Army may be required to provide limited support through the following avenues: Police - the HN or responsible international authority requests introducing civilian police and establishing a police training element Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable judicial system with JAG and CA support Penal - establish and run temporary confinement facilities until civilian agencies take the lead; if necessary War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the principles and spirit of the law of war to the extent practical and feasible; even when the state of war does not exist

30. Logistics Rapid C2 and logistics planning capability Strategic and tactical airlift Emergency infrastructure repair support (port, airfield, road) Force Protection Consistent with the risk assessment Maintaining neutrality and transparency in operations enhances force protection The US military has the following capabilities that are frequently requested in support of PO: Rapid (Command and Control) C2 and logistics planning capability Strategic and tactical airlift Emergency infrastructure repair support (port, airfield, road) Force Protection measures directly relate to mission accomplishment and in PO, they should be: Consistent with the risk assessment, but they should not be excessive Maintaining neutrality and transparency in operations enhances force protectionThe US military has the following capabilities that are frequently requested in support of PO: Rapid (Command and Control) C2 and logistics planning capability Strategic and tactical airlift Emergency infrastructure repair support (port, airfield, road) Force Protection measures directly relate to mission accomplishment and in PO, they should be: Consistent with the risk assessment, but they should not be excessive Maintaining neutrality and transparency in operations enhances force protection

31. Additional Stability Operations Security assistance - Equipment, Services, & Training, Types of programs assisted, and Agencies & Organizations Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical, construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems, well drilling, etc. Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing, training, linkups, subversion, sabotage Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and monitoring, host nation support, command, control, reconnaissance Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and antiterrorism Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983; getting evacuees to safehavens Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or deter war Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or military forces, combined training exercises, increase in readiness status Chapter five discusses stability operations that the manual does not fully address. Several operations may involve Army units or individuals but are not tactical tasks, however forces participate in them to the support of national or strategic objectives. Security assistance - Equipment, Services, and Training, Types of programs assisted, and Agencies & Organizations Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical, construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems, well drilling, etc. Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing, training, linkups, subversion, sabotage Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and monitoring, host nation support, command, control, reconnaissance Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and antiterrorism Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983; getting evacuees to safehavens Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or deter war Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or military forces, combined training exercises, increase in readiness statusChapter five discusses stability operations that the manual does not fully address. Several operations may involve Army units or individuals but are not tactical tasks, however forces participate in them to the support of national or strategic objectives. Security assistance - Equipment, Services, and Training, Types of programs assisted, and Agencies & Organizations Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical, construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems, well drilling, etc. Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing, training, linkups, subversion, sabotage Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and monitoring, host nation support, command, control, reconnaissance Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and antiterrorism Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983; getting evacuees to safehavens Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or deter war Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or military forces, combined training exercises, increase in readiness status

32. Support Operations Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information. Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.

33. Support Operations Domestic Support Operations Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Forms of Support Operations In support operations, Army forces provide essential services, assets, or specialized resources to help civil authorities deal with situations beyond their capabilities. Support operations usually involve actions that help civil authorities or NGO�s provide required direct support to the affected population such as: Domestic Support Operations Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Forms of Support Operations In support operations, Army forces provide essential services, assets, or specialized resources to help civil authorities deal with situations beyond their capabilities. Support operations usually involve actions that help civil authorities or NGO�s provide required direct support to the affected population such as: Domestic Support Operations Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Forms of Support Operations

34. Domestic Support Operations Domestic Emergencies - affect the public welfare and occur within the 50 states or US possessions and territories Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to civil authorities Federal Response Plan - President declares a major disaster Domestic support operations encompass emergencies, roles and responsibilities of the approval authority, and the federal response plan. The military assistance to civil authorities directive is wide ranging, addresses responses to both natural and man-made disasters, and includes military assistance to civil disturbances, Counterdrug activities, combating terrorism and law enforcement. Domestic Emergencies affect the public welfare and occur within the 50 states or US possessions and territories. Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to civil authorities. Federal Response Plan - President declares a major disaster. Domestic support operations encompass emergencies, roles and responsibilities of the approval authority, and the federal response plan. The military assistance to civil authorities directive is wide ranging, addresses responses to both natural and man-made disasters, and includes military assistance to civil disturbances, Counterdrug activities, combating terrorism and law enforcement. Domestic Emergencies affect the public welfare and occur within the 50 states or US possessions and territories. Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to civil authorities. Federal Response Plan - President declares a major disaster.

35. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property Foreign humanitarian assistance operations are conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property.Foreign humanitarian assistance operations are conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property.

36. Forms of Support Operations Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the effects of natural or manmade disasters Support to domestic CBRNE consequence management - assist local authorities Support to civil law enforcement - counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil disturbance Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the needs and interests of America and local communities The forms of support operation are relief operations, support CBRNE consequence management, support to civil law enforcement, and community assistance. These forms may occur in both foreign and domestic operations. Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the effects of natural or manmade disasters Support to domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high-end Explosive (CBRNE) consequence management - assist local authorities Support to civil law enforcement - counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil disturbance Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the needs and interests of America and local communities The forms of support operation are relief operations, support CBRNE consequence management, support to civil law enforcement, and community assistance. These forms may occur in both foreign and domestic operations. Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the effects of natural or manmade disasters Support to domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high-end Explosive (CBRNE) consequence management - assist local authorities Support to civil law enforcement - counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil disturbance Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the needs and interests of America and local communities

37. FM 3-07 Annexes A. Interagency Coordination B. The Law in SASO C. Rules of Engagement D. Characteristics of Insurgency E. Negotiation F. Refugees and Displaced Persons FM 3-07 Annexes Title Slide A. Interagency Coordination B. The Law in SASO C. Rules of Engagement D. Characteristics of Insurgency E. Negotiation F. Refugees and Displaced Persons FM 3-07 Annexes Title Slide A. Interagency Coordination B. The Law in SASO C. Rules of Engagement D. Characteristics of Insurgency E. Negotiation F. Refugees and Displaced Persons

38. Interagency Coordination US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission capable; interoperable among all elements of US Services and selected foreign militaries; and able to coordinate operations with other agencies of government and some civil institutions. Interagency Coordination: US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission capable; interoperable among all elements of US Services and selected foreign militaries; and able to coordinate operations with other agencies of government and some civil institutions.Interagency Coordination: US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission capable; interoperable among all elements of US Services and selected foreign militaries; and able to coordinate operations with other agencies of government and some civil institutions.

39. Interagency Coordination National Level - The National Security Council (NSC) advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of the national security policy Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response Plan, State & Local Authorities; provide disaster assistance to support civil authorities responding to domestic emergencies National Level - The National Security Council (NSC) advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of the national security policy Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response Plan, State & Local Authorities; provide disaster assistance to support civil authorities responding to domestic emergencies National Level - The National Security Council (NSC) advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of the national security policy Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response Plan, State & Local Authorities; provide disaster assistance to support civil authorities responding to domestic emergencies

40. Interagency Coordination Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept. of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for International Development, Non-governmental Organizations, Regional & International Organizations Conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and executive and other agreements to which the US is a party; relevant statute law; relevant federal and agency regulations Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept. of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for International Development, Non-governmental Organizations, Regional & International Organizations. Foreign operations are conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and executive and other agreements to which the US is a party; relevant statute law; relevant federal and agency regulations. Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept. of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for International Development, Non-governmental Organizations, Regional & International Organizations. Foreign operations are conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and executive and other agreements to which the US is a party; relevant statute law; relevant federal and agency regulations.

41. Interagency Coordination Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates the coordination of activities of military forces with US Government agencies Liaison - maintains contact and communication between elements of military forces and other agencies Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates the coordination of activities of military forces with US Government agencies Liaison - maintains contact and communication between elements of military forces and other agencies Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates the coordination of activities of military forces with US Government agencies Liaison - maintains contact and communication between elements of military forces and other agencies

42. Law in SASO Applicable Bodies of Law International Law US Law Host Nation Law Legal and Regulatory Considerations Posse Comitatus Act Title 10 USC Foreign Assistance Act Economy Act Title 32 USC Appropriations and Authorization Acts Fiscal Law Executive Orders Law of Armed Conflict International Agreements Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act The law in Stability Operations and Support Operation closely controls the actions of the armed forces. Military forces rely on a declaration of war, an executive order, or other legal authority to direct their action. The following three bodies of law are relevant to the conduct of US military operations in peace and conflict: International Law US Law Host Nation Law The following legal and regulatory considerations show the complexities encountered in stability and support operations: Posse Comitatus Act Title 10 USC Foreign Assistance Act Economy Act Title 32 USC Appropriations and Authorization Acts Fiscal Law Executive Orders Law of Armed Conflict International Agreements Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act The law in Stability Operations and Support Operation closely controls the actions of the armed forces. Military forces rely on a declaration of war, an executive order, or other legal authority to direct their action. The following three bodies of law are relevant to the conduct of US military operations in peace and conflict: International Law US Law Host Nation Law The following legal and regulatory considerations show the complexities encountered in stability and support operations: Posse Comitatus Act Title 10 USC Foreign Assistance Act Economy Act Title 32 USC Appropriations and Authorization Acts Fiscal Law Executive Orders Law of Armed Conflict International Agreements Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act

43. War Powers Resolution - requires the President to consult with and report to Congress when introducing US Armed Forces: Into hostilities Into imminent involvement in hostilities Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat In numbers that increase the number of US forces equipped for combat in a foreign country Claims Administration - occasions of personal injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by the foreign government Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents - need prior presidential approval War Powers Resolution - requires the President to consult with and report to Congress when introducing US Armed Forces: Into hostilities Into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat (except for supply, repair, replacement, and training) In numbers that substantially increase the number of US forces equipped for combat in a foreign country Claims Administration - occasions of personal injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by the foreign government; claims against the US that arise in foreign countries are adjudicated under several regulations and will not be paid if incident occurs as a result of combat activities of the US armed forces. Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents - The secretary of defense is tasked with taking all necessary measures to ensure that US armed forces use neither chemical herbicides nor riot control agents without prior presidential approval.War Powers Resolution - requires the President to consult with and report to Congress when introducing US Armed Forces: Into hostilities Into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat (except for supply, repair, replacement, and training) In numbers that substantially increase the number of US forces equipped for combat in a foreign country Claims Administration - occasions of personal injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by the foreign government; claims against the US that arise in foreign countries are adjudicated under several regulations and will not be paid if incident occurs as a result of combat activities of the US armed forces. Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents - The secretary of defense is tasked with taking all necessary measures to ensure that US armed forces use neither chemical herbicides nor riot control agents without prior presidential approval.

44. Rules of Engagement ROE provide guidance regarding the use of force by commanders and individuals based on three types of considerations; operational requirements, policy, and law Rules of Engagement (ROE) provide guidance regarding the use of force by commanders and individuals based on three types of considerations; operational requirements, policy, and law. These rules do not limit a commander�s inherent authority and obligation to use all necessary means available and to take all appropriate action in self-defense of the commander�s unit and other US forces in the vicinity.Rules of Engagement (ROE) provide guidance regarding the use of force by commanders and individuals based on three types of considerations; operational requirements, policy, and law. These rules do not limit a commander�s inherent authority and obligation to use all necessary means available and to take all appropriate action in self-defense of the commander�s unit and other US forces in the vicinity.

45. Rules of Engagement Self Defense - in all situations, soldiers and commanders use force based on necessity and proportionality An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that are: Understandable Tactically sound Legally sufficient Responsive In self defense -- in all situations, soldiers and commanders use force based on necessity and proportionality. An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that are: Understandable, Tactically sound, Legally sufficient, and Responsive In self defense -- in all situations, soldiers and commanders use force based on necessity and proportionality. An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that are: Understandable, Tactically sound, Legally sufficient, and Responsive

46. Rules of Engagement The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US forces; provided by the joint chiefs of staff Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate, and train methodology to incorporate ROE in military operations The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US forces; provided by the joint chiefs of staff. Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate, and train methodology to incorporate ROE in military operations.The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US forces; provided by the joint chiefs of staff. Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate, and train methodology to incorporate ROE in military operations.

47. Rules of Engagement Considerations International Law Operational concerns Commanders intent Threat Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force Legal requirements US policy The following are considerations to have when making an ROE: International Law Operational concerns Commanders intent Threat Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force Legal requirements US policyThe following are considerations to have when making an ROE: International Law Operational concerns Commanders intent Threat Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force Legal requirements US policy

48. Characteristics of Insurgency Leadership Ideology Objectives Environment and Geography External Support Phasing and Timing Organizational and Operational Patterns The elements of insurgency help reveal the insurgency�s strengths and weaknesses. Insurgency is not simply random political violence; it is directed and focused political violence. The elements of insurgency are: Leadership Ideology Objectives Environment and Geography External Support Phasing and Timing Organizational and Operational Patterns The elements of insurgency help reveal the insurgency�s strengths and weaknesses. Insurgency is not simply random political violence; it is directed and focused political violence. The elements of insurgency are: Leadership Ideology Objectives Environment and Geography External Support Phasing and Timing Organizational and Operational Patterns

49. Considerations Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement Be attuned to cultural difference Procedures Establish communications Identify common ground on which to build dialogue Consider cultural implications Set clear goals and objectives Develop a plan and diagram the results of analysis Determine composition of negotiating team and decision making mechanisms Establish the venue Implementation Training - essential for military officers in SASO; needing a conceptual foundation in conflict management and resolution Negotiation Military leaders can find themselves in the role of a negotiator, mediator, or even arbitrator during operations. Each role requires different attributes, but the following are the common attributes and techniques necessary for negotiations. Considerations: Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement Be attuned to cultural difference Procedures: Establish communications Identify common ground on which to build dialogue Consider cultural implications Set clear goals and objectives Develop a plan and diagram the results of analysis Determine composition of negotiating team and decision making mechanisms Establish the venue Implementation Training - essential for military officers in SASO; needing a conceptual foundation in conflict management and resolution. Military leaders can find themselves in the role of a negotiator, mediator, or even arbitrator during operations. Each role requires different attributes, but the following are the common attributes and techniques necessary for negotiations. Considerations: Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement Be attuned to cultural difference Procedures: Establish communications Identify common ground on which to build dialogue Consider cultural implications Set clear goals and objectives Develop a plan and diagram the results of analysis Determine composition of negotiating team and decision making mechanisms Establish the venue Implementation Training - essential for military officers in SASO; needing a conceptual foundation in conflict management and resolution.

50. Refugees and Displaced Persons Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and assist these refugees and asylum seekers Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect the prohibition against forcible return and protect refugees Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to support international organizations Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival, asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc. Special Considerations - women, children, elderly, etc. Refugees and displaced persons are a central feature of many stability operations and support operations. Military forces do not have primary responsibility for the international response that assists refugees and displaced persons. The following are different categories of these operations: Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and assist these refugees and asylum seekers Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect the prohibition against forcible return and protect refugees Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to support international organizations Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival, asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc. Special Considerations - women, children, elderly, etc.Refugees and displaced persons are a central feature of many stability operations and support operations. Military forces do not have primary responsibility for the international response that assists refugees and displaced persons. The following are different categories of these operations: Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and assist these refugees and asylum seekers Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect the prohibition against forcible return and protect refugees Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to support international organizations Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival, asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc. Special Considerations - women, children, elderly, etc.

51. Summary