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Understanding Biological Macromolecules: Key Structures and Functions

Learn about the essential biological macromolecules - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. Discover their structures, bonding, and diverse functions in living organisms. Explore the role of monomers and polymers, as well as important concepts like dehydration reactions and hydrolysis.

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Understanding Biological Macromolecules: Key Structures and Functions

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  1. Biological Macromolecules

  2. Carbon • 15th most abundant element • Can form up to 4 covalent bonds

  3. Carbon Bonding

  4. Functional Groups

  5. Four categories of Biological Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

  6. Introduction • Three of the four classes of macromolecules form chainlike molecules called polymers. • The repeated units are small molecules called monomers.

  7. Dehydration / Condensation Reaction

  8. http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.htmlhttp://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html

  9. Hydrolysis

  10. carbohydrates

  11. Carbohydrates Energy storage molecule Structural elements in cells and tissues

  12. Monosaccharides • Single sugar molecules • CH2O • Functional groups • Hydroxyl • Carbonyl • Glucose • Fructose

  13. Disaccharides • Double sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic bond • Energy sources and building materials

  14. Isomers

  15. Disaccharides Sucrose Maltose Lactose Cellobiose

  16. Polysaccharides • Polymers of monosaccharides • Hundreds to thousands of monomers

  17. Cellulose

  18. Starch Starch granules

  19. Glycogen

  20. Chitin

  21. Lipids • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Hydrophobic molecules • Soluble in organic solvents – ethanol, ether

  22. Biological Roles Energy Absorbs shock Waterproofing Metabolic water Structural framework Insulation

  23. Fats and oils Fatty acids and glycerol Ester bonds

  24. Saturated fats • Fats • Maximum hydrogen atoms • Solid at room temperature

  25. Palmitic Acid

  26. Unsaturated Fat • Oils • At least one double bond in the fatty acid • Liquid at room temperature

  27. Linolenic Acid

  28. Isomers of Fatty Acids

  29. Hydrogenated Oils

  30. Phospholipids • Glycerol molecule • 2 fatty acids chains • Phosphate group

  31. Steroids 3 – 6 carbon rings 1 – 5 carbon ring

  32. Proteins • Polymers of amino acids

  33. Amino acids

  34. Amino Acids

  35. Polypeptides

  36. Proteins • Many amino acid chains linked together • Enzyme reactions • Oxidation / reductions • Structure • Storage • Transport • Cell signaling • Defense

  37. Protein structure • Shape depends on R-groups of amino acids • Shape controls function of the protein • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  38. Primary Structure

  39. Secondary Structure

  40. Tertiary Structure

  41. Disulfide Bridge

  42. Van derwaals

  43. Keratin – disulfide bridges

  44. Proteins structure

  45. Denaturing Proteins • Loss of 3-dimensional structure • Strong acids and alkalis • Heavy metals • Heat and radiation • Detergents and solvents • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html

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