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Biological Macromolecules

Biological Macromolecules. They’re Organic!!!. What’s an organic molecule??. Compounds made up of hydrocarbons Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!! Living/once living (YOU are Organic!) (Not CO 2 . It’s a gas!!!!!). " MACROMOLECULES.

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Biological Macromolecules

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  1. Biological Macromolecules

  2. They’re Organic!!!

  3. What’s an organic molecule?? • Compounds made up of hydrocarbons • Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!! • Living/once living (YOU are Organic!) • (Not CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!)

  4. " MACROMOLECULES There are four classes of biological macromolecules we will be looking at: Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids (This will be last) First – Let’s Concentrate on these three!

  5. What Exactly is a MACROMOLECULE

  6. A very, very large molecule!!

  7. BiologicalMacromolecule All biological macro-molecule are organic, meaning they all contain hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with attached Hydrogens!) Other elements may include Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

  8. Macromolecules  We’re looking at Polymers

  9. MANY POLY means

  10. Monomers Polymers made up of many single units called

  11. “Mono” means oneSO… a polymer is made up of many monomers!!

  12. Polymer Analogies

  13. Answers

  14. Can you think of a polymer?? What monomers make it up??

  15. ALL four can be found in food!!Think about it!!

  16. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules are labeled!! FAT (0 grams in this product) 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

  17. On to Our First Biomolecule!! Carbohydrates!!

  18. Carbohydrates C, H, O

  19. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source of energy for the body ! Simple sugars Monosaccharide Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main product of photosynthesis!! C6H12O6 Atoms: C, H, O

  20. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES • Long-term storage for energy • Polysaccharides  made up of glucose polymers • Below is a part of the polymer starch!!

  21. Starch Continued Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

  22. ** ALSO a glucose polymer **Offers the plant support ** Energy storage ** Makes up cell wall ** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs Cellulose

  23. Glycogen in Animals **A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers **Long-term energy storage found in the liver ** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy

  24. Complex Carbs and Energy • Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken down by proteins called enzymes (remember digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!) • Broken down into their monomers  Glucose • Glucose is further broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria for energy • About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each glucose molecule!!!

  25. Lipids Mostly C,H and some O

  26. WHAT DO THEY DO? • STORED ENERGY Broken down for energy • They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body temperature and they • CUSHION the internal organs for protection. • Include waxes, Oils • include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone • Anabolic steroids build muscle • They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion…

  27. Remember the cell membrane? • PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The fatty acid tails are lipids! • It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

  28. LIPIDS OILS BUTTER MARGARINE

  29. Fat Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s) Mostly C, H with some O

  30. TriglyceridesGlycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains This is a triglyceride molecule

  31. NOW ONTO PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them • They make up antibodies in the immune system • They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions • They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

  32. Proteins Made up of Mostly C, H, O and N (Some Sulfur)

  33. Proteins

  34. Proteins Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

  35. Hair, Skin, and Nails

  36. Microscope View ofSkin and Nails This is skin This is a nail

  37. Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!! **Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation? **A peptide bond bonds amino acids together **Creates a polypeptide

  38. The shapes of Proteins Determines it’s Function Amino Acids !!!

  39. Ribosomes are Proteins that are Involved in Creating Proteins!!

  40. Insulin • Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas • Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles • Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

  41. Hemoglobin • A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

  42. Antibodies **Antibodies are part of the immune system. **When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. **White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully)

  43. Enzymes • Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below) • Re-usable • Molecule specific – like a lock and key • -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It will NEVER break down proteins

  44. Enzymes Lock and Key Model Products Substrate

  45. Enzymes • Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model! Pepsin breaks down proteins Amylase breaks down amylose Lactase breaks down lactose sugar

  46. Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme?? Specific Enzyme Starch Active Site Protein Simple useable sugars (product) Lipid ***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!

  47. Enzymes are affected by:

  48. pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic Rate of Reaction 1 5 7 8 9 2 3 4 6 pH scale

  49. What is the fourth type of biochemical macromolecule?

  50. The 4th type isNUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids • DNA (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid) • RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

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