Waste Energy Solutions Co-digestion for Energy and Environment Jane Maxwell, Project Consultant

1. Waste Energy SolutionsCo-digestion for Energy and EnvironmentJane Maxwell, Project Consultant www.fromwastetoenergy.com

2. What can Danish biogas technology do? • Handle waste • Reduce odour • Increase nutrient accessibility • Reduce nutrient leaching • Provide Carbon neutral energy • Provide added revenue • Enrich the community • Reduce GHG emissions

3. The technology: Anaerobic digestion • Mesophilic and Thermophilic process • Fully mixed digester • Co-digestion concept • Proven in Denmark • We have made all the mistakes and learned

4. What is Biogas?

5. CH4 production capacity

6. Biogas Plant design

7. Biogas technology • Pre-treatment • Mixing • Macerating • Hygienisation/ sterilisation • +/- other pre-treatment: e.g. concentration • Digestion • Aftertreatmnet • Store • Separate • Upgrade • End use • Land application • Move and apply • Transport market / or disposal

8. Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes Bacteria digest organic compounds in oxygen free environments and produce Biogas Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process that involves complex biochemical processes carried out by a consortium of bacteria.

9. Biogas is Up to 65% methane 35% to 40% Carbon Dioxide Trace amounts of H2, NH3, and H2S. Used as fuel in internal combustion engine to produce electricity Used in boilers Or Stripped of CO2 and contaminants and injected into pipeline LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas CNG - Compressed Natural Gas

10. One of our Potential Florida Projects • 23 Dairies in the middle Suwannee basin • Manure causing serious environmental concerns • New regulations - grease trap cleanouts required monthly for restaurants • Land application of grease is an environmental problem • Local town and prison sewage solids being land applied • Increasing population will cause land application to be problematic • Large amounts of food wastes either going to landfills or into municipal waste water • Organic wastes increase cost of waste water treatment and size of landfill One WES digester taking in approx 800 tons per day will fix these problems!

11. How our program works • WES consultant with 30 yrs experience with state and federal funding programs assists farmers in acquiring funds for upgrading manure separation equipment • Farmers get income for selling nutrients after all financial obligations have been paid • No out of pocket costs to farmers • Farmers get back nutrients in solution – much easier to regulate and prevent over applying • WES gets income from tipping fees and selling power • Society wastes converted from a problem to a solution • Nutrient and Odor problem solved • Dairy Farmers stay in business • Florida needs Dairy Farmers!

12. Why FLORIDA dairy farms are important for meeting GHG reductions and RPS • Importing milk uses fossil fuels • Using fossil fuels increases GHG’s • Dairy Manure very necessary for co-digestion – this will help clean up wastes from many sources including wastes from other renewables (stillage from ethanol, glycerine from biodiesel) • Dairies can be important contributors to renewable energy • Florida dairies keep jobs and money in Florida

13. Advantages of Waste Energy Solutions biogas for Utility Providers Methane very reliable – don’t have to wait for wind to blow or sun to shine • 4 to 6 digesters • At least 3 days feedstock • Three to four 1.6 MW generators • Located near power users – DISTRIBUTED POWER • Possibility for a number of plants in Florida

14. Why burning methane from biogas is so important for the environment Methane 21 times worse than CO2 in causing global warming Removing 1 ton methane from atmosphere = getting rid of 21 tons CO2 • Burning methane converts the methane to CO2 • CO2 Equivalent for methane is 18 • Burning methane does not increase carbon in the carbon cycle.

15. Through Photosynthesis Plants use CO2 make carbon compounds Plants consumed as food Forest Fires Burning of biomass Atmosphere CO2 Contemporary Carbon Cycle CH4 + 2O2 =CO2 + 2H2O Methane Burned Animal and plant Respiration produces CO2 Carbon sources Food Wastes from meat or plant sources, decaying of organic material Much of the carbon consumed ends up in Manure

16. A NEED FOR SPEED Methane Burned as fuel Digester Grain, grass, food Plants consumed as food Manure FOOD WASTE A fast carbon cycle is important in order to prevent even temporary increase in CO2 CO2 In Atmosphere Crops grown and harvested over several months Carbon continually recycled

17. Slower carbon cycle can increase atmospheric carbon for 20 to 50 years – Burning Forest biomass is a slow cycle Seedlings CO2 In Atmosphere Will take another 20 to 50 years for carbon to be taken out of atmosphere and only if enough trees are planted 20 to 50 years growth cycle

18. Renewable Portfolio Standards In states with established RPS methane from anaerobic digestion of organic materials is a Tier 1 renewable energy RECs from Tier 1 are given 110% to 140% credits

19. What is the value of a REC? Wind generation costs - Coal generation costs = price of REC In general it costs 4 to 6 cents more per kW to get wind generation to a customer This difference in costs = the value of the REC The concept of REC’s is to equalize the “real” cost of coal and other fossil fuels with the cost of renewables. It is difficult to estimate this cost but it would include health care costs incurred from pollution as well as environmental costs and global warming risks.

20. Reasons that a Tradable Renewable Energy Credit system should be used toward meeting the RPS goal tREC’s can be used to promote the development of new renewable resources, not simply benefit existing generation Requiring percentage of Renewable Energy Credits to be Tier 1 will decrease the time it takes to reach GHG reduction goals -favoring the cleanest and the greenest. Methane destruction makes anaerobic digesters Tier 1 Tradable credits have proven to be a successful system of reducing other pollutants (reducing acid rain and ozone depletion) REC have proven to help build new renewable generation (for example - wind generation increasing quickly in Texas) Renewable energy producers can sell energy and renewable energy credits separately. An electricity provider that does not own or purchase enough renewable energy capacity may purchase credits instead of capacity RPS legislation using tRECs can add some security to a market for new renewable energy, thereby encouraging investment

21. Trading system should be limited to Florida only or to the Southeastern states If the trading region is not limited renewable energy suppliers in regions where producing renewable energy is cheaper than in Florida will have a big advantage Encouraging renewable energy suppliers to locate in Florida to build new generation will help Florida meet GHG goals Encouraging renewable energy suppliers to locate in Florida will be good for Florida’s economy and energy security

22. THANK YOU!