The Progressive Movement

1. The Progressive Movement Chapter 17 Section 1 & 2 ? Definition=

2. Origins • The Puritans – Community spirit, town meeting, religious freedom • Jefferson – America unites to become free and democratic, involve citizens. • Jackson – “Common Man”, universal suffrage • Populism – Grass roots, “People Power”

3. The Roots • Religious movements – • Women’s movement • The Press • Urban Middle Class

4. Who was behind the Progressive Movement? • Journalists- opposed harsh working conditions. • Intellectuals- questioned the role of corporations in America. • Political Reformers- wanted government to be responsive to the people.

5. Philosophy – Government is GOOD • To improve conditions for workers and the poor • The System is “flawed” and inherently unfair – fix it • Eliminate social injustices • Push for legal reforms • Streamline government

7. 1. Protecting Social Welfare. Soften the effects of industrialization Relieve urban problems YMCA Salvation Army Florence Kelley, Illinois Factory Act (1893) Social Gospel and Settlement Houses Hull House -Jane Addams 4 Goals of the Progressive Movement

8. 4 Goals of the Progressive Movement • 2. Promoting Moral Reform. • Improving personal behavior • Prohibition – The Volstead Act • WCTU- Women’s Christian Temperance Union • Anti-Saloon League • = attack on immigrants

9. 3. Create Economic Reform. Some looked to Socialism- E.V. Debs Big business was getting favored treatment from the goverment. Muckrakers- What they did? Famous? 4 Goals of the Progressive Movement

10. Creating Economic Reform • More government control/regulation • NOT socialism but “Social Activism” • Muckrakers

11. While Theodore Roosevelt apparently disliked what he saw as a certain lack of optimism of muckraking's practitioners, this speech strongly advocated for the works of the muckrakers, as seen in his Muckrake Speech of 1906:"There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful."

12. 4 Goals of the Progressive Movement • 4. Fostering Efficiency • New concepts help to make society more efficient • Scientific management • Time studies • 1912-Led to the assembly line. (Ford) • Was hard on workers • Ford shortened the day and doubled pay ($5 per day)

13. Some early effects • Many reform politicians were elected. • Protections were created for workers. • Work hours were limited. • Voter reforms were initiated. What are they!!!

14. Creating Economic Reform • More government Control/regulation • NOT socialism but Social Activism • Muckrakers

15. Voter Reform • Direct Primaries • Caucuses • Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) • Initiative • Referendum • Recall What are they!!!

16. Local Reform • Commissions instead of city councils • Council-manager • People elect a council • Council appoints a manager

17. State Reform • Merit, not Patronage • Regulate large businesses • railroads, • mines, • mills, • telephone companies • Compensation for work accidents

18. Political Social Economic Laws protecting workers. Settlement houses and social work. Birth control for women. Beginning of civil rights movement for African Americans. Party primaries Split in Republican party, 1912 Decline of machine politics Votes for women Conservation of land and water Regulation of business Lower tariffs Reformed banking system Federal income tax Causes and Effects of the Progressive Movement CAUSES Growth of Industry THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT Growth of Cities EFFECTS

19. Popular Support for Progressives Religion Press Founding of Socialist Party Municipal Reform State Reform

20. Religion • Progressives believed in the “social gospel,” in which churches worked to aid workers and the poor. • Religious associations such as the YMCA, YWCA, and Salvation Army were formed to help people adjust to city life. • Churches established settlement houses that distributed food and clothing. • In 1908 twenty-seven Protestant churches formed the Federal council of the Churches of Christ. They favored a living wage, one day of rest in seven, safer working conditions, and the abolition of child labor and of sweatshops

21. Press • Magazines, such as McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, and TheLadies’ Home Journal, had many readers and increased the power of the press. • Muckrakers, a term introduced by Theodore Roosevelt, were journalists who exposed social wrongs. • Lincoln Steffens focused on links between big business and crooked politicians. • Ida Tarbell wrote about Standard Oil’s methods of eliminating competition. • Ray Stannard Baker exposed railroad stock swindles. • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle focused on the meat packing industry.

22. Founding of Socialist Party 1901: The Socialist party was founded by Eugene V. Debs and others who wanted to eliminate private ownership of the means of production. This event caused the Progressives to try to make government more responsive to social problems.

23. Municipal Reform • Reform mayors built schools, set up work relief systems, and appointed honest men to city jobs. • By 1913 several hundred communities had adopted a council-manager form of government. The council made laws and appointed a manager to run city departments. • By 1914 several hundred states had adopted a commission form of government. A board composed of commissioners, each of whom handled a different city department, made city government more efficient.

24. State Reform • Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin from 1900 to 1906, raised taxes on railroad properties and set up a railroad commission to regulate rates. • In 1913 the Seventeenth Amendment provided for the popular election of senators. • By 1914 popular opinion had brought about state laws such as the prohibition of child employment, limited workdays for adults, and workers’ compensation for injured employees. • By 1916 all but three states had adopted the direct primary, in which voters choose the candidates.

25. Horace Mann (1830’s) Dorothea Dix Care for the Mentally Ill Education

26. Temperance Movement • Lyman Beecher – minister, lectured against alcohol in 1825 • 1826 American Temperance Society • Within a few years more than a 1000 local temperance societies sprung up across the country.

27. Women in the Work Force • 1900 – 25% of women worked • 25% of these women worked in manufacturing • 40% of tobacco industry was women • Important role on farms • Domestic Work

28. Women in the Reform Movement • Middle & Upper Class women’s clubs • Grimke Sisters – From S.C., abolitionist, education for women • Women were not allowed at the 1840 World’s Anti-Slavery Convention • Seneca Falls – “Declaration of Sentiments” based on Declaration of Independence

29. Sarah & Angelina Grimke

31. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

32. Civil Rights Movement • Dubois (NAACP) Demanded complete equality for blacks • Washington (Tuskegee Institute) Thought the best way was for a gradual equality; racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value

33. Tuskegee Institute • George Campbell & Lewis Adams founded • Washington was the Principal from July 4, 1881 till 1915 when he died

34. 1905-DuBois Policy of Protest and Action 1909 Nothing Less than complete equality Middle-class black lawyers that fought racism in the courts Niagara Movement NAACP

35. National Urban League Mission Statement – Enable African Americans to secure conomicself-reliance, power and civil rights. Strategy is to educate the youth

36. Migration • Deteriorating race relations in the South • Destruction of their cotton crop by boll weevil • Opportunities in Northern Factories

37. Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressivism

38. Roosevelt was the Governor of New York • Political bosses in N.Y. wanted to make him Vice President to get him out of the State. • 6 months later Pres. McKinley is killed • T.R. became President at 42 years old. • He promised people a “Square Deal”.

39. President TeddyRoosevelt

40. Teddy Roosevelt: • Government should assume control whenever states proved incapable of dealing with problems • President “of the people” so he should do whatever necessary to help the people, give them a “Square Deal” • Bully pulpit

41. It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and…to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it.

42. The specific evils you point out shall, if their existence shall be proved, and if I have the power, be ERADICATED!! to Upton Sinclair after reading “The Jungle”

43. 1902 Coal Strike Strike was due to the Owner – George Baer, refusing to negotiate “God Given Right/Wealth” Workers wanted better wages/8 hour work day • Roosevelt threatened to take over mines • Both sides agreed to an arbitration commission • 10% increase, 9-hour day, no union, no strike for 3 years • Sent new trend of federal government intervening • Progressive belief that disputes could be settled in an orderly way with the help of experts

44. Regulating Trusts • 1900, trusts controlled 4/5 of industries • 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act • “Good” & “Bad” trusts • Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits

45. Regulating TransportationInterstate Commerce Act (1887) • Elkins Act (1903) – Illegal for railroad officials to receive or give rebates. Had to notify public before changing a set rate. • Hepburn Act (1906) – Limited free railroad passes. ICC could set maximum railroad rates.

46. Protecting Health • Pure Food and Drug Administration Act stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines. Called for accurate labeling of foods. • Meat Inspection Act – meatpackers must clean up their act

48. Conservation • T.R. did not see resources as unlimited • No Christmas trees in the White House • 50 Wildlife sanctuaries & several national parks • NEPA - requires federal agencies to study and disclose the environmental effects of their actions and to include the public in their decision-making. • What evidence of conservation do we see locally???

49. Yosemite