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The Revolutions of 1830

The Revolutions of 1830. Nationalism. Nationalism: belief that the political boundaries of countries should coincide with the ethnicity of their inhabitants Ethnicity defined by Common language Common history Common culture Six key problem areas: Italy Germany Austrian Empire

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The Revolutions of 1830

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  1. The Revolutions of 1830

  2. Nationalism • Nationalism: belief that the political boundaries of countries should coincide with the ethnicity of their inhabitants • Ethnicity defined by • Common language • Common history • Common culture • Six key problem areas: • Italy • Germany • Austrian Empire • Balkan peninsula • Ireland • Poland Greek rebel soldier

  3. Liberalism • Liberalism: belief in enacting middle-class Enlightenment reforms, including constitutions, free press, toleration, increased franchise • Abhorred mass rule and feared rule by lower class • Opposed by landed aristocracy and gentry • J.S. Mill’s “harm principle:” people can do what they please so long as they don’t harm others • Pressured every European government to change John Stuart Mill, author of On Liberty

  4. Conservatism • Conservatism: stability should be maintained through alliance of hereditary monarchy, landed aristocracy, established church • Chief governments espousing conservatism: • Austria (Metternich) • Russia (Alexander I) • France (briefly under Charles X) • Concert of Europe favored conservative order Metternich

  5. Restoration Monarchy in France • 1814: Bourbon Louis XVIII installed by Congress of Vienna • Agreed to become constitutional monarch, under his own constitution • French “Charter” (constitution) • Bicameral legislature of narrow, propertied franchise • Affirmed post-revolution property rights • Affirmed rights of Declaration of Man • 1820: Assassination of royalist Duke of Berri led to conservative crackdown California gold miner

  6. Greek Revolution • 1821: Greeks rose up against Ottoman occupation • Conservative anti-Liberal oppression in UK, France, Spain led to Liberal support of Greek movement • Liberals saw revival of ancient Greek ideals in rebellion • England, France, Russia demanded Greek independence: weaken Turkey • 1830: Greek independence • forced by Great Powers • Autocratic Catholic Bavarian, Otto I made king; came to love Greece, his adopted country • Constitution granted in 1843 • Otto overthrown in 1862 Otto I

  7. Russian Decembrist Revolt • French Revolution ideals spread to Russian officers during Napoleonic wars • Russian secret societies sought to spread ideas • Nov 1825: Nicholas I succeeded Alex I in controversy, as Constantine refused position of tsar • Moscow regiment refused to accept Nicholas: demanded Constantine and a constitution • Crushed, but established idea of demanding political change in Russia

  8. Other Revolutions • Spain: 1820 • Ferdinand VII promised to accept constitution when he assumed power in 1814, but reneged • 1820 officers rebelled to force use of a constitution; Ferdinand agreed • Two Sicilies: 1820 • King in Naples accepted constitution • Conservative Response • 1823-7 France occupied Spain to support non-constitutional monarchy • Austria invaded Sicilies to restore non-constitutional rule • Powers invaded to maintain conservative order, not to conquer • Latin America became independent during crisis • Belgium • Congress of Vienna made Belgium part of Netherlands • 1830 Belgians revolted • Independence grudgingly accepted by distracted powers

  9. French Revolution of 1830 • 1824: ultraroyalist Charles X reigned, following death of Louis XVIII • Dissolved legislature, reimbursed émigrés for lost lands, punished sacrilege with death, restored primogeniture • 1830: French victory in Algeria created patriotism • Charles issued “Four Ordinances”: restricted press, dissolved new Chamber, restricted franchise to the wealthiest • Parisians rioted, 1800 died, and Charles abdicated • Liberals created middle-class constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe Delacroix, commonly called 'Liberty Leading the People‘ Delacroix painted himself as the man wearing the top hat. Lady Liberty is portrayed in a mythical state, showing that she is more than a mortal woman.

  10. English Great Reform Bill of 1832 • England avoided revolution largely through cycle of resistance to change followed by gradual reform • Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Catholic representation, avoiding conflict over Irish delegates • Great Reform Bill (Whigs) • Eliminate rotten boroughs • New urban boroughs • Increased franchise by 50%, but property still required • Established precedent for future orderly reforms Earl Grey, Whig prime minister, responsible for Great Reform Bill

  11. Conclusions • Ideas of the French Revolution did affect Europe, even after Congress of Vienna • Significant change only took place in UK, France, Greece, Serbia, Latin America, Belgium • Nationalism, unleashed after Napoleon’s occupations, dramatically affected European politics and Europeans’ definition of themselves • Conservative forces did not capitulate: oppression for the sake of stability and control of power continued through 1848

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