Chapter 6 Classification Scientific name Heirarchy Taxonomic theory Nutrition Autotroph vs heterotroph Cell types proka

1. Chapter 6 • Classification • Scientific name • Heirarchy • Taxonomic theory • Nutrition • Autotroph vs heterotroph • Cell types • prokaryote, plant, animal • Domain and Kingdom overview 0

2. 0 Classification putting organisms into groups based on similarities and differences groups are called taxa (sing. taxon) study of how groups are organized is called: Taxonomy

3. 0 Taxonomy Use Latin Doesn’t change “Everyone” speaks it

4. 0 Taxonomy Example: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdominae fusco, pedibus posteuis, glabris, utrinque margine ciliatis Bee with soft short hairs, gray chest, dark brown abdomen, legs with no hair, and small sacs with hair-like outgrowths along the edge

5. 0 picture of honey bee Bee with soft short hairs, gray chest, dark brown abdomen, legs with no hair, and small sacs with hair-like outgrowths along the edge

6. 0 Carl von Linné Binomial nomenclature: Two-part scientific name Genus and species Carolus Linneaus “type specimens” in museums (species don’t change)

7. 0 Example: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdominae fusco, pedibus posteuis, glabris, utrinque margine ciliatis Apis mellifera

8. 0 Binomial nomenclature Genus capitalized species not capitalized Both italicized or underlined Apis mellifera Scientific name: Common name: honey bee

9. 0 Taxonomy: Hierarchy But…what is a species? A group of reproductively isolated organisms

10. 0 an example: Equus equus Equus asinus 62 chromosomes 64 chromosomes Equus hemionus ? chromosomes

11. general specific Taxonomy: Hierarchy : Hierarchy Domain 3 (Archeae, Bacteria, Eukarya) A group of related phyla Kingdom Phylum A group of related classes A group of related orders Class A group of related families Order A group of related genera Family A group of related species Genus species Reproductively isolated organisms

12. Taxonomy: Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Kings Play Chess On Fine Green sand

13. 0 fig 6-1

14. general specific 0 Taxonomy: Hierarchy Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Homo sapiens H. sapiens human

15. 0 Taxonomic theory How do you decide who goes into what group? Look at characteristics Try to figure out which are the most “important”

16. 0 Taxonomy An Exercise

17. 0 Taxonomy Shape ? 5 Color ? 4 Size ? 3 ?? • parsimony • the simplest explanation

18. ? ? ? 0 Taxonomy An Exercise A B C C

19. 0 Taxonomic theory How do you decide who goes into what group? • birds, fishes, roses, insects, . . . • based on similarities and differences • anatomy, molecular biology (DNA etc…)

20. 0 Taxonomic theory How do you decide who goes into what group? • Describe evolutionary relationships • Looking at descendents • A group with a common ancestor would be a clade • (Greek, branch) • Study of groups and ancestry is cladistics

21. 0 fig 5-1

22. 0 box 6-1

23. 0 box 6-2

24. 0 One of the main characteristics we use to divide organisms into different groups is: cell type prokaryotic eukaryotic before nucleus true nucleus

25. 0 box 6-2

26. 0 pg. 171

27. 0 Another question is: nutrition

28. 0 • Where does an organism get it’s energy? • (glucose) • Some organisms are self-feeding • autotrophic:hemosynthetic Nutrition: Photosynthetic Sunlight (energy) + CO2 + H2O ----Glucose + O2 Chemosynthetic

29. 0 • Nutrition: • Where does an organism get it’s energy? • (glucose) • Some organisms are other-feeding • heterotrophic: Cellular respiration (includes Kreb’s cycle): Glucose + O2 ----CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)

30. outside inside 0 • Nutrition: • Where does an organism get it’s energy? • (glucose) • Some organisms are other-feeding • heterotrophic: digestion Ingestive heterotroph Absorptive heterotroph

31. Possible origin of three cell types: 0 fig 6-2

32. Prokaryotic organisms all are unicellular 0 Eukaryotic organisms some are unicellular others are multicellular Reproduction asexual reproduction genetic uniformity sexual reproduction genetic diversity (advantage with natural selection)

33. History 0 • Pre 1800 • 3 kingdoms: animal, mineral or vegetable ? • 1802 • Biology - animal and plant kingdoms Lamarck • 1963 • 5 kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • 2006 • 6 kingdoms with three domains

34. 0 fig 6-3

35. 6 kingdoms and three domains • Archaea (kingdom and domain) • aka., Archaebacteria • prokaryotic, unicellular • Live in special environments • (cow gut, thermal vents, hot springs) (many are chemosynthetic)

36. 6 kingdoms and three domains 0 • Eubacteria (kingdom and domain) • common bacteria • blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) • prokaryotic, unicellular (may live in colonies) • many cell shapes • rod, spheres, spirals • many cell arrangements • single, chains, clusters

37. 0 fig 6-4 spheres: coccus rods: bacillus spirals spirochete chains: strepto- clusters: staphlo- two: diplo- four: tetrads endospores

38. 6 kingdoms and three domains • Eubacteria (kingdom and domain) • common bacteria • blue-green bacterial (cyanobacteria) • prokaryotic, unicellular (may live in colonies) • many cell shapes • rod, spheres, spirals • many cell arrangements • single, chains, clusters • different cell walls 0

39. 0 fig 6-4

40. 0 Symbiosis living together

41. 0 Symbiosis: Living together Bacteria Humans type of symbiosis benefit neutral commensalistic skin mutualistic benefit benefit E. coli parasitic benefit harmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis

42. bacteria and humans • Many can cause diseases: • pneumonia, STD, TB, anthrax, strep, etc., . . . • But many are beneficial: • decompose dead material (recycle chemicals) • food production: butter, cheese, coffee • nitrogen fixation: • genetic engineering:

43. Third domain Eukarya (Eucarya) Contains four kingdoms Domain (kingdom) Domain (kingdom)

44. 0 fig 6-3

45. Domain: Eukarya all eukaryotic cells (cell type) Four Kingdoms: (cell arrangement) (nutrition) Protista Plantae Mycota (Fungi) Animalia unicellular multicellular* multicellular multicellular all types* photosynthetic absorptive hetero- ingestive hetero-

46. Kingdom Protista • Single-celled (eukaryotic) organisms • Protozoa • (Gr. early animals) Domain Eukarya ingestive heterotrophs Movement: pseudopod Amoeba cilia Paramecium, Tetrahymena flagellum Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness) none Plasmodium (malaria) Algae (photosynthetic) Euglena (plant kingdom)

47. fig 6-5

48. Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Protista • Single-celled (eukaryotic) organisms • Protozoa ingestive heterotrophs • (G. early animals • Algae photosynthetic Euglena (plant kingdom?) 0

49. Algae • Euglena 0 cell membrane chloroplasts

50. Algae • “red tide” 0 cell membrane chloroplasts