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Intellectual Disabilities

Intellectual Disabilities. Intellectual Disabilities (ID). Historically , perceived as incapable of caring or learning especially in medical model Present - Social model stresses independent functional skills . ID officially replaced mental retardation in legal terminology.

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Intellectual Disabilities

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  1. Intellectual Disabilities

  2. Intellectual Disabilities (ID) • Historically, perceived as incapable of caring or learning especially in medical model • Present - Social model stresses independent functional skills. • ID officially replaced mental retardation in legal terminology.

  3. Defining Intellectual Disability... • Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive skills and documented as occurring from birth to 18 years (Sherrill, 2004). • Intellectual levels based on IQ under 70 or 75. • Due to variability in intellectual functioning second component added to definition. • Adaptive skills refers to effectiveness or degree with which individual meets standards of personal independence and social responsibility for age & cultural group.

  4. Level of Intellectual Disability (Note: Generalizations)

  5. Intellectual Disability May Affect... • Learning • Memory • Problem solving • Planning • Other cognitive tasks • Social skills • Communication skills Added impairments may accompany ID: -Cerebral palsy (30+%) -Seizure disorders (8-18% in mild and 30-36 in severe) -Vision impairment (20-25%) -Hearing loss (10%) -Oppositional defiant disorder (0.5-12%) -Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (0.5-11%) (Figures, Harris, 2006)

  6. Causes of Intellectual Disability

  7. Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities • 1% of the U.S population • Majority of children mildly affected (90%). • More severe (5%) require more extensive support in educational placements (Horvat et al., 2009). • Boys & girls equally affected

  8. Benefits of Physical Activity for People w/ID • More inactive than peers(Shields et al., 2009). • Lack of opportunity & physiological concerns (Rimmer , 1999) • Low fitness levels/maximal heart rates (Fernhall & Pitetti, 2001), high levels of obesity/body fat (See Figure 1), poor nutritional habits (Humphries et al., 2009) Possible benefits of PA: • Physical fitness/work capacity (Mendonca et al., 2011) • Obesity & related conditions (Casey et al., 2010) • Muscle strength/ Balance/ Quality of Life (Bartlo & Klein, 2011). • Inactivity = Greater risk for certain cardiovascular disease as well (Temple & Walkley, 2007)

  9. Planning Physical Activity Program • Wide spectrum of individuals with ID... • Range of cognitive deficits indicative of functioning (Horvat & Croce, 1995) • Many deficient in motor development & require specific instructions, time to practice etc. • Physical & motor skills essential for improving functional skills, community integration & leisure/work skills. • Ascertain level of functioning early on... • Be aware of maximal HR especially w/Down syndrome • Lack of motivation (Horvat et al., 1993)??? (See Dolphins video). • Low self-concept = Use positive reinforcement (Croce,1990) • Involve participants in decision making & encourage fun/social interaction (Stanish et al., 2008) • Age-appropriate activities • Directions – Brief/Simple/Direct • Visual learning (Horvat et al., 2009). • Repetition/routine. • Additional time for practice. • Parental joke: Three paces: Slow, slow and slower... • Community-based activities promoted beyond classroom.

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