Pageant 23-26 Review

1. Pageant 23-26 Review

2. Ulysses. S. Grant (R) Civil War hero Not a professional politician Votes of half a mil former slaves swung election From Horatio Seymour (D) Denounced military reconstruction Support from most whites 1868 Dagnabit, if I only had a moustache to go along with my beard!

3. 1872 • Ulysses. S. Grant (R) • Horace Greeley (LR and D)- poor choice-nominated by- Liberal Republicans and Democrats- anti-scandal and wanted end to Reconstruction • Grant wins- 286-66 No moustache= No victory

4. Waving the Bloody Shirt • Republicans reminding voters of the treason of the Confederate Democrats during the Civil War

5. Credit Mobilier- fake company, attempted to avoid prosecution by bribing congress • Grant- never directly connected to scandals

6. Republicans Puritan Tradition Personal Morality Felt Gov’t should regulate economic and moral affair Democrats Immigrant Lutheran and Roman Catholic Toleration of differences Spurned Gov’t efforts to impose moral standards South and Northern Cities Party Differences

7. Panic of 1873 • Construction of too many factories

8. Democrats receive patronage benefits and RR from Texas to Pacific End of Reconstruction Republicans get Hayes elected over Tilden Compromise of 1877

9. James A. Garfield (R) Republicans abandoned Hayes Garfield and Arthur- stalwarts Garfield from Winfield Scott Hancock (D) Civil War hero- Born in Montgomeryville! Lack of strong support for tariff cost him vote of industrial workers 1880 Not a full beard! No victory!

10. Charles J. Guiteau- wanted a patronage job “Spoilsmen” Expected jobs from their party’s elected officials Arthur becomes President Brought about reform-Pendleton Act of 1883 Garfield wins 214-155, assassinated

11. James G. Blaine (R) Accused of corruption Mugwumps- Republicans that went to Democrats Grover Cleveland (D) Fathered an illegitimate son Ran as a Reformer Ironically… 1884 How did I lose? Look at this facial hair! Cleveland wins an ugly election 219-182

12. Benjamin Harrison (R) Party for high tariff Harrison wins 233-168 Republicans raise rates with McKinley tariff Grover Cleveland (D) Party for lower tariff- lower price for consumer, less protection for monopolies 1888

13. Benjamin Harrison(R) McKinley Tariff had resulted in hardship for farmers James Weaver (Pop) Farmers issues Not united with workers and weak in the South Grover Cleveland (D) Wins 277-145-22 Long beard- not enough to win, but enough to affect the election 1892

14. Cleveland- gains support of business • Laissez-faire- doesn’t help farmers • Sides with management with Pullman Strike

15. Politics in the 1890s • Shaped by the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time

16. Mark Hanna • Believed government should aid business

17. 1896 Election • Last time an attempt to win presidency with mostly agrarian votes would occur • Main issue was free and unlimited coinage of silver

18. William McKinley • Cautious and conservative as president

19. Congress • Held political control in late 1800s

20. Supreme Court • Interpreted the Constitution to favor corporations

21. Women • Most that worked did so out of economic necessity • Some level of equality in the West

22. Railroads • Greatest factor to spur industrialization of the post-Civil War era • Received land grants to finance transcontinental construction • Steel Rails- replaced iron- safer and more economical • Standard Gauge- easier for national transportation

23. State Legislatures • Attempted to regulate RR corporations- • RR Pools- Dividing the business in a given area and dividing the profits

24. Andrew Carnegie- Scottish immigrant became the Steel King produced ¼ of US steel • US Steel First billion dollar corporation • Vertical Integration- combined different aspects of production • Horizontal Integration- combining all of one level of production

25. Morill Act of 1862 • Granted public lands to states to support higher education • Accompanied idea that a free government needs educated citizens

26. Southern Textile Mills • Steady jobs and wages

27. “Gospel of Wealth” • Wealthy should display moral responsibility for the God-given money

28. Work Habits- changed by urban life • Even the children as young as 10 worked. All worked in scattered locations • Family Size- Many children in the city meant many mouths to feed, crowding, and human baggage to carry in struggle for social mobility

29. National American Woman Suffrage Association- formed by suffragists in 1890s • Carrie Chapman Catt- stressed their desire to vote if they kept their tradition duties as homemakers and mothers in the city.

30. New Immigrants • Many- • Illiterate • Non- English Speaking • Roman Catholic • Culturally different than previous immigrants • Not attracted to unions

31. “Bird of Passage” • Came to America for a short time for work and then returned to Europe

32. Native Born Women • More likely to receive jobs as secretaries, department store clerks and telephone operators

33. African Americans • Disenfranchised with- • Literacy requirements • Poll taxes • Economic intimidation • Grandfather clauses • Jim Crow Laws

34. 14th amendment prohibited gov’t, not individual violation of civil rights Civil Rights Cases 1883

35. W.E.B. Du Bois • Demanded complete equality for African Americans

36. Booker T. Washington • Promoted black self-help • Did not challenge segregation

37. Indians • Conflicts with whites increased as the mining frontier expanded • Surrendered land when they received promises from the government • Doomed by disease, the railroad and decreasing buffalo populations

38. Treatment of Indians Helen Hunt Jackson Humanitarians Wounded Knee Dawes Severalty Act Indian Schools 1887- 243,000 Indians remaining

39. Dawes Severalty Act • Attempt to break power of tribes • Allocated land to individuals • Native Americans not recognized as citizens until 1924

40. Battle of Wounded Knee • 200 Indians killed • Government had outlawed the Ghost Dance

41. Farmers- Main problem was overproduction • Farmer’s Alliance- Attempt to fight railroads • Grange Movement- cooperation among farmers • Movement hampered by lack of unity with black farmers

42. Homestead Act • 160 Acres for $30 • Owners were required to improve land • Drastic departure from previous government public land policy

43. Mining Late 1850s- gold discovered in Colorado, Nevada and other states Boomtowns- ghost towns Surface gold gone quickly- corporations Facilitated RR Intensified Indian/white conflict Silver and gold enabled return to specie in 1879

44. Closing of the Frontier Homestead Act- 1862 RR advertised in Europe Sod busting heavy iron plows- lead to farming past 100 meridian Dry farming Western Dams 1889-90- six new states 1890- Frontier “Closed” National Parks- Yellowstone (72) Sequoia (90)

45. Skyscrapers- allowed more density in cities Louis Sullivan- architect, contributed to skyscrapers, form follows function Mass Transit- allowed commuters

46. Rural Negatives- came to cities due to availability of industrial jobs • Department Stores • Sanitation Problems • Slums • “Dumbbell” tenements

47. Alexander Graham Bell- telephone • Thomas Edison- light bulb, moving picture, etc.

48. Standard Oil Company- 1870- Horizontal Int. Bought up smaller companies John D. Rockefeller- ruthless businessman- controlled oil

49. J.P. Morgan- one of the captains of industry- money from the backs of workers? • Trusts- attempted to eliminate competition

50. Interlocking Directorates- placing officers on boards of supposedly independent companies • Bessemer Steel- stronger, more efficient steel • United States Steel Corporation