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Estimating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Lessons Learned on Global Hawk

Estimating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Lessons Learned on Global Hawk. Charlie Kapaku 303 AESG/SYF 4 March 2010. Briefing Content. Purpose Background Lessons Learned Special Considerations Summary/Conclusions/Q&A. Purpose. Purpose

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Estimating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Lessons Learned on Global Hawk

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  1. Estimating Unmanned Aircraft SystemsLessons Learned on Global Hawk Charlie Kapaku 303 AESG/SYF 4 March 2010

  2. Briefing Content • Purpose • Background • Lessons Learned • Special Considerations • Summary/Conclusions/Q&A

  3. Purpose • Purpose • Present lessons learned on estimating the costs of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). • Provide a basis for further discussion and study

  4. UAS Funding DoD Annual Funding for UAS Source: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap (2005)

  5. Background • Global Hawk • System Overview • History

  6. Global Hawk System Overview Aircraft and Payloads Global Hawk: High-altitude, long-endurance capability providing intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance information Mission Control Element (MCE) Launch and Recovery Element (LRE) Approved for public release ASC-07-0101

  7. Global Hawk is a remotely piloted, high altitude, long endurance aircraft Supports DoD intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions with integrated sensors Electro-optical/Infrared Images Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for all weather Future signals intelligence (SIGINT) capabilities The Aircraft Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  8. Specifications (RQ-4A) Wingspan: 116 ft Length: 44 ft Height: 15 ft Gross T/O wt: 26,750 lbs Payload: 2,000 lbs Performance Range: 12,500 nm Endurance: 30+ hrs True Airspeed: 335 Kts The Aircraft • WORLD RECORDS (as recognized by NAA): • Highest altitude by an autonomous, unmanned jet-powered aircraft: 65,191 ft • Longest endurance of an autonomous, unmanned jet-powered aircraft: 30 hrs 24 min • First non-stop flight across Pacific Ocean by an autonomous aircraft Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  9. The Aircraft U-2 B-737 Global Hawk Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  10. The System The Global Hawk Operations Center (GHOC) 1 Experienced Pilot + 1 Sensor Operator Operation Supervisor (on call) Launch and Recovery Element 1 Pilot + Comm Support Mission Control Element 1 Pilot, 1 Sensor Operator + Contractor Support Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  11. The Controls Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  12. The Controls Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  13. C O M M U N I C A T I O N S S A R – S A R S t r i p - M a p a t 1 m – S A R S p o t l i g h t a t 0 . 3 m – G M T I M o d e ( 9 0 • / 1 2 0 s e c ) E O - I R – N I I R S 5 . 5 E O , 5 . 0 I R ( S t r i p - M a p ) – N I I R S 6 . 5 E C , N I I R S 6 . 0 I R ( S p o t ) A I R V E H I C L E – 6 0 - 6 5 K F t . A l t i t u d e – 2 4 H r s T i m e O n S t a t i o n @ 1 , 2 0 0 N M R a d i u s M I S S I O N L A U N C H A N D C O N T R O L R E C O V E R Y E L E M E N T E L E M E N T 2 ( C & S E N S O R ) 2 ( C O N L Y ) T A C T I C A L U S E R S ( S E N S O R O N L Y ) The Links ELINT - LR-100 Receive/Locate system Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  14. RQ-4 History • RQ-4 Global Hawk Origin and Conception • Evolution of the RQ-4 Global Hawk • Current Operations • Future Operations Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  15. RQ-4 Global Hawk Origin and Conception • May 95 DARPA Launches RQ-4 Advanced Concept Technology Demo • 7 Demo Aircraft built by Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical Center • First Taxi: 16 Oct 97 • First Developmental Aircraft Flight: 28 Feb 98 • Stage 2 Australian Demonstration: Apr 01 • First non-stop UAV flight over Pacific Ocean • Flew 7300 miles and 23 hours • Nordholz, Germany Demo: 15 Oct – 6 Nov 03 • 6 ELINT demonstrations over North Atlantic • Up to 35 hours endurance at altitudes more than 65,000’ Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  16. Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF): Nov 01 Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF): Mar 03 5% of surveillance missions 55% of time-sensitive targets Collected more than 3,700 images First Production Vehicle: 1 Aug 03 Arrival at Beale AFB: 15 Oct 04 Over 19,000 Combat Hours: Jan 09 Operations Ongoing (unclassified) Evolution of the RQ-4 Global Hawk Operation Enduring Freedom, Mar 02 “The Global Hawk was a formidable tool in the war – new and powerful” Lt. Gen Moseley, 9th AF Commander Arrival at Beale AFB, Oct 04 Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  17. RQ-4B Model Developed to Meet AF ISR Mission Requirements Increased payload capacity: 3,000 lbs Operates two-and-a-half times more power Enhanced ISS capability First production unveiled: Aug 06 First flight: Mar 07 Evolution of the RQ-4 Global Hawk (cont) Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  18. RQ-4 CAOC ISR Support Requirements Include Afghanistan and Iraq U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) Mission Includes: Maintaining an effective and visible U.S. military presence Deterring threats by hostile regional states Projecting military force into the Mideast region if necessary Operations in other AORs have already begun Current Operations Gen David H. Petraeus CENTCOM Commander 31 Oct 08 Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  19. California Wildfire’s 23 total wildfire’s, 10 not contained 7 deaths related to fires SAN DIEGO COUNTY DAMAGED 300 square miles 196,420 acres 650 homes LA COUNTY/MALIBU DAMAGED 665 square miles 426,000 acres 1,500 homes 1 Million people evacuated Estimated cost of damage: $1 Billion Nearly 9,000 firefighters in seven counties Other Operations Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  20. A fire line is observed moving from Southwest to the Northeast History 40% of the GrassValley fire is contained with over 1,000 acres destroyed Over 1.5 million dollars in damage Other Operations Grass Valley Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  21. Disaster Relief Hurricanes Earthquakes Forest Fires Homeland Security Counter Smuggling Border Patrol Effectiveness Other Operations • Broad Area Mapping Approved for Public Release - ASC Case 88ABW-2009-3983 , 9/9/09

  22. Lessons Learned and Special Considerations

  23. Defining an UAS • 1st step in any estimate is to define what you’re estimating • WBS is the usual tool cost estimators use to help define the weapon system • Appendix H of Mil-Hdbk 881A, DoD Handbook Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, dtd 25 Jul 2005, specifically addresses UAS • Tailored to match unique elements of systems • Operating and Support costs are defined and organized according to the six standard CAIG cost elements

  24. UAS WBS • Unique 881A Level Two Elements • Air Vehicle • Payload(s) • Ground Segment • System Integration, Assembly, Test and Checkout • System of Systems approach may be applicable • Integration is an area of concern • Payload(s) and Ground Segment are just as important (if not more so) than the air vehicle

  25. Ground Segment • Is Cockpit of UAS, and center of communications and data • 881A lists Ground Control Systems and Command and Control Subsystem as WBS Level 3 items • GH experience is that Command and Control Subsystem is a Level 4 element within Ground Control System (GCS) • Estimating concerns: • Certification and Accreditation • Interface with base comm systems • Interfaces with payloads

  26. Payload(s) • Payloads are critical - they perform the mission • Can cost as much or more than the air vehicle • 881A provides good WBS definition • Estimating Concerns: • Size, weight and Power (SWaP) • Interface with air vehicle’s mission computer • Interface with ground segment • End user of payload data may not be part of ground segment and may need separate interface • Payloads may be common across multiple platforms, which may add schedule and technical complexity

  27. System IAT&CO • UAS WBS is the only WBS in 881A to specifically list System IAT&CO as a Level 2 element • Emphasizes concerns of integrating air vehicle, ground segment and payloads into one system • However… GH has not used IAT&CO at Level 2 • Integration and Assembly Costs captured and estimated at Level 3 • Test and Checkout costs captured and estimated in System Test and Evaluation element

  28. Concurrency • GH has a high degree of concurrency in the program • Development, production, and O&S all happening at the same time • Significant numbers of mods are also beginning to take place • Complicates estimating • Phasing of estimates is difficult because schedules constantly change • Be careful of “chasing” technology

  29. Test • Estimating concerns • Adequate number of test assets • Air vehicles • Payloads • Ground Segments • Scheduling • Driven by development and production events

  30. Proprietary Systems • UAS weapon systems are more likely to contain or consist of Non-Developed Items (NDI) /COTS • Estimating impacts: • Descriptive hardware and software data may not be available • Limit to government independent technical evaluation of cost inputs

  31. Operations and Support • Warfighters still refining operations and employment concepts • Estimating concerns • OPSTEMPO still changing • Basing not finalized • Flexible deployment process • SATCOM costs • Depots • Subject to 50-50 rule, but proprietary data reduces flexibility

  32. Summary • UAS is a growth area • Cost estimators need to be aware of unique/special UAS concerns • WBS is the basic tool to help define and highlight areas of concern • Ground segments and payloads are important • Integration between air vehicles, ground segments and payloads can be a significant cost • Growing applications of UAS will significantly impact operations and support cost estimates

  33. Questions?

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