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Cell Structures and Functions in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Learn about the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the functions of various cell structures. Explore topics such as cell shape and movement, cell membranes, cell walls, cell appendages, cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, organelles like the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and vacuoles. Study the vocabulary words related to these concepts for an upcoming quiz.

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Cell Structures and Functions in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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  1. The Cell Chapter 2, Lesson 2

  2. What questions will we be answering in Lesson 2? • How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar and how are they different? • What do the structures in a cell do?

  3. Cell Shapes & Movement • Cells have many shapes and sizes

  4. Cell Shapes & Movement • Cell shape is related to its function

  5. Cell Membrane • A flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell • Made of two different macromolecules • Phospholipids (a type of lipid) • Proteins

  6. A CELL MEMBRANE IS SEMI-PERMEABLE • This means it will allow some things to pass through it but not others

  7. Cell Wall • A stiff structure outside the cell membrane • Found in plant cells, fungus cells, bacteria and protists • NOT found in animal cells • Protects cell from viruses and other harmful organisms • Helps maintain a plant’s shape

  8. Cell Appendages • Often used for movement • Types: • Flagella (whip-like structure for movement) • Cilia (short, hair-like structures for movement) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fI7nEWUjk3A(Euglena w/ flagellum) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXcEACQv5-8 (paramecium w/ cilia)

  9. Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Network of threadlike proteins that are joined together to form a framework inside cell Gives cell shape and helps it move • Fluid inside a cell that contains salts and other molecules

  10. Organelles in a Cell Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Contained within the cytoplasm Threadlike series of proteins Gives cell its shape and helps it move • Fluid • Contains salts and other substances • Contains the cytoskeleton

  11. Organelles in a Cell Nucleus Nucleolus Found within the nucleus Makes ribosomes • Usually the largest organelle in the cell • The genetic information in the DNA is organized into chromosomes

  12. Organelles in a Cell Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum A web-like organelle that spreads from the nucleus throughout most of the cytoplasm Considered “Rough ER” if ribosomes are attached – produces protein Considered “Smooth ER” if there are no ribosomes attached-produces lipids like cholesterol • Produce proteins • Not surrounded by a membrane • Found in cytoplasm, attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum

  13. Organelles in a Cell Mitochondria Chloroplasts Only found in plant cells Membrane bound organelles • Each cell can contain hundreds of mitochondria (can be thousands in the heart cells) • Surrounded by two membranes • Chemical reactions take place within the mitochondria which produce energy

  14. Organelles in a Cell Golgi Apparatus Vesicles In animal cells, one type of vesicle is a lysosome. Lysosomes help to break down and recycle cellular waste • Prepares proteins for their jobs • Packages the proteins into vesicles for transport

  15. Organelles in a Cell Vacuoles • Storage tanks – store food, water and waste • Plant cells usually have one large vacuole; animal cells have several smaller vacuoles

  16. Chapter 2, Lesson 2 Vocab • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Flagella • Cilia • Cytoplasm • Cytoskeleton • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Ribosome • Endoplasmic reticulum • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts • Golgi apparatus • Vesicles • Vacuole • Define these vocabulary words on index cards and begin studying them. • Vocabulary Quiz on Tuesday, Oct. 4

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