Port and terminal

1. Port and terminal Assignment 1

2. Table of content Introduction 1 Climate change and it causes 2 Impacts of climate change 3 Effects of climate change in the Durban port 4 How we resolved the impacts 5 How other ports resolved these impacts 6 Conclusion 7

3. Introduction In this assignment we will be looking at the major threat that the port of Durban and Shanghai port have experienced and will still experience it the near future if neglected. We will also go deep into context on how they were impacted and how we would resolve that threat given the existing constraints. We will also look at the causes of climate change and how we would minimize them.

4. Climate changeClimate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.Cause of climate changewater vaporcarbon dioxide {co2}methane nitrous oxide

5. Strong winds • Difficulties when loading and unloading specially containers. • Reduction of the speed of the ship leading it to consume more fuel. • Can cause ships to break their mooring lines . Extreme heats • Damaging to infrastructure and reduces it life time • consumption for cooling terminals and cargo Mean and extreme sea levels • Which is changes in the waves energy and direction causing • Damage to port infrastructure/cargo • To higher port maintenance • Potential modulation of tides sedimentation/dredging in port and navigation channels.

6. How was the port of Durban impacted by climate change • The vessel, MS New York, a 330-metre long container vessel, which ran aground near Maydon Wharf was also re-floated successfully and was allocated a berth for damage inspection. By 7 pm tonight the vessel, MSC Susana, which had earlier broke from its mooring ropes, was secured. The Maritime Newanda vessel which broke loose was held by tugs and is currently berthed at Maydon Wharf. • TNPA reported that there was a straddle carrier which was blown into the water and remains unsecured. There are also reports that some cranes were derailed by strong winds. Of concern, according to Tilayi, are reports that there were about three containers believed to have been lost into the water with the exact position unknown. These pose a danger to navigation within the vicinity. TNPA confirmed that a search will be conducted in daylight hours. • Durban Port was closed due to debris in the water and unknown position of some containers which pose danger to navigation and damages to vessels. The vessel, MSC Innes took priority as it blocked the port entrance. It took 5 tugs to re-float the 330-metre long container vessel and once re-floated, she was allocated a berth in the port for damage inspection. • The vessel, Bow Triumph, a 183-metre long product tanker, which was berthed in Island View broke its moorings and ran aground on the sandbank near the Island View Terminal. The vessel was re-floated at 16h30 and it took further effort to clear the anchors which were still stuck. All re-floating operations were completed at 17h30 and the vessel was allocated a berth overnight for damage inspection.

7. The horrible wet and stormy weather that hit the port city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal on Tuesday resulting in a massive flooding in parts of the city and causing chaos with shipping at the port, will continue to be monitored for its effects on sea traffic, the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) has said.

8. Adaptation measures • Heat-resistant construction and materials • Continuous inspection, repair and maintenance • Monitoring of infrastructure temperatures • Reduced cargo loads, speed and frequency of service • Relocation, redesign and construction of coastal protection schemes (e.g. levees, seawalls, dikes, infrastructure elevation) • Insurance

9. The central government, along with leading port cities such as Shanghai and Shenzhen, is also actively promoting new technologies like “shore power”. This allows ships to use electricity rather than burning dirty fuels while “hotelling” (the time a vessel spends in port that is neither loading or unloading) at a port, along with cleaner burning liquefied natural gas (LNG). • Since port of shanghai and Shenzhen use the strategy of promoting new technologies such as “shore power” to limit air pollution in order to reduce climate change rates since air pollution is one of the causes of climate change, so we figured that it would be a good idea that other ports like Durban port to use this way of reducing the possibilities of climate change occurring.

10. Conclusion • As discussed above, we found that there are various ports who have encountered the same problem which is climate change. We looked at how the port of Durban could try and solve the problem of climate change, which is by following the footsteps of other global leading ports like shanghai. In closing we saw that if Durban could use Shore Power for vessels to use electricity rather than burning fuel the climate change occurrences could be reduced.