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The Cell

The Cell . The Cell Theory . The Cell Theory States: All living things are made up of 1 or more cells Cells carry out all of an organisms life functions All cells come from other cells. Plant Cell Animal Cell. Cell Organelles. Parts of a Cell. Cell Membrane Nucleus Ribosome Cytoplasm

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The Cell

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  1. The Cell

  2. The Cell Theory • The Cell Theory States: • All living things are made up of 1 or more cells • Cells carry out all of an organisms life functions • All cells come from other cells

  3. Plant Cell Animal Cell

  4. Cell Organelles

  5. Parts of a Cell • Cell Membrane • Nucleus • Ribosome • Cytoplasm • Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) • Golgi Apparatus • Vacuoles • Lysosome • Mitochondria • Cilia • Flagella • Cell Wall (Plants only) • Chloroplast (Plants only)

  6. Cell Membrane • Cell Membrane – the structure that encloses the interior of a cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell • Helps to maintain homeostasis (condition of a stable internal environment in an organism) • Serves as a boundary between the cell and its environment • Location of diffusion, osmosis and active transport

  7. Cell Membrane • To help maintain homeostasis, the cell membrane allows materials such as water and nutrients to enter and waste products to leave • Selective Permeability: process in which the cell membrane allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out • Transport Proteins: allow needed substances or waste materials to move though the cell membrane

  8. Cell Membrane

  9. Phospholipid • Composed of lipids with a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group • Has a hydrophilic (‘Water-Loving’) head and a hydrophobic (‘Water-Fearing’) Tail • ie: Water soluble outside with a non-water soluble center • Hydrophilic head allows for the cell to interact with the water environment

  10. Nucleus • Nucleus – in a eukaryotic cell, a large, membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA, RNA) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – the nucleic acid found in all the cells of an organism, the hereditary material passed on during reproduction • “Control Center of the Cell” - controls activities of organelles • Contains the directions to make proteins

  11. Ribosome • Ribosome – the organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis in cells; composed of a large and small subunit • Protein Synthesis – process by which cells generate new proteins • Membrane-bound organelles in the nucleus where enzymes and other proteins are assembled according to the directions of the DNA • Can be found in cytoplasm and rough ER

  12. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm – the watery material between the nucleus and the cell membrane of a cell • Clear, gelatinous fluid in eukaryotic cells that suspends the cell’s organelles and is the site of numerous chemical reactions

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic Reticulum – Series of highly folded membranes surrounded by cytoplasm and the site of cellular chemical reactions (ie: ‘Workspace of the Cell’) • Folding increases surface area, allowing for more chemical reactions to occur • Rough ER – carries out function of protein synthesis and contains ribosomes • Smooth ER – involved with biochemical activities, including the production and storage of lipids

  14. Golgi Apparatus • Golgi Apparatus – consisting of sacks of membranes forming flattened sacs in the cytoplasm, which serves as storage centers for protein synthesized by cells • System of flattened tubular membranes • Modifies proteins and sends them to their appropriate destinations

  15. Vacuoles • Vacuoles – a membrane-enclosed, fluid-filled space in the cytoplasm of cells used for temporary storage of materials • A sac surrounded by a membrane • Often store food, enzymes or any other materials needed by the cells and some vacuoles store waste products • Plant Cells  One large vacuole • Animal Cells  Many smaller vacuoles

  16. Lysosomes • Lysosomes – the small, saclike structures surrounded by single membranes and containing strong digestive enzymes • Digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria • Membrane bound so that digestive enzymes stay in the lysosome • Can fuse with vacuoles and dispose their enzymes into the vacuole and then digest the containments

  17. Mitochondria • Mitochondria – an oval membrane enclosed organelle in which most of the reactions of cellular respiration to occur • Transform energy stored in food molecules in to ATP • Has a highly folded inner membrane that produces energy-storing molecules in order to provide more surface area • The function of the cell will determine how many mitochondria are present

  18. Mitochondria

  19. Cilia & Flagella • Cilia – short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion • Aid in locomotion or feeding • Flagella – longer projections that move with a whip-like motion • Aid in locomotion or feeding

  20. Plant Cells

  21. Cell Wall • Cell Wall – rigid structure that enclosed the cell of plants and various microorganisms • Located outside the cell membrane that provides additional support and protection (NOTE: a cell membrane is still present in a plant cell) • Made up of cellulose • Very porous and allows molecules to pass through but does not select which molecules enter the cell • ONLY found in plants cells

  22. Chloroplast • Chloroplast – sit of photosynthesis in a plant cell • Chlorophyll – the major photosynthetic pigments of plants and algae • Captures light energy from the sun, which is converted to chemical energy in food molecules • Photosynthesis formula: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • ONLY found in plant cells

  23. Types of Cells

  24. Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Contain membrane bound structures Contain a nucleus Ex: Human Cells • Lack internal membrane bound structures • No nuclear envelope • Bacteria

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