1400-1600

1. 1400-1600

2. From Medieval to Renaissance • Medieval 800-1400 • Instructs in Christian faith. Appeals to the emotions, stresses importance of religion. • Renaissance 1400-1600 • Reconciles Christian faith and reason. Promotes “rebirth” of the classical ideal. Allows new freedom of thought.

3. The Renaissance There were many exciting developments that occurred during the Renaissance. Due to these developments and the fact that this period marked the end of the deadly Black Plague that concluded the Medieval period, it is no wonder the word Renaissance means “re birth.”

4. Developments • One of these developments was the discovery that the world was not flat but round. This led to a surge in world exploration to unknown lands that increased the awareness that people existed who were of different continents, cultures, religions, and races. • Another development was Galileo’s heliocentric theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. This discovery was met with great hostility by a world who, as a result of this theory, suddenly felt small and insecure. • Queen Elizabeth I of England was a big fan of the arts and encouraged people to create. Consequently, the Renaissance was a time when music, drama, and the creation of visual art flourished. So influential was Queen Elizabeth to the arts that the Renaissance is often referred to as the Elizabethan period. • It was also during the Renaissance that the printing press was invented. This was especially remarkable because it enabled the printed page to be reproduced with ease which led to literacy, education, and the opening of schools.

6. During the Renaissance dancing was a social activity in which people danced with partners as part of an organized event. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNOa0dxb2gU

7. INFLUENCE OF RELIGION • The Protestant Reformation was a Christian reform in Europe which is generally deemed to have begun with Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 • These theses center edon particular disputes within the Catholic Church regarding confession and absolution (release from consequences). Significantly, the Theses offer a view on the validity of indulgences and indulgences being sold (financial transaction rather than genuine contrition) • Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art • Renaissance humanists believed that the liberal arts (art, music, grammar, rhetoric, oratory, history, poetry, using classical texts, and the studies of all of the above) should be practiced by all levels of "richness". They also approved of self, human worth and individual dignity.

8. Commedia dell ‘Arte Commedia dell ‘Arte was a type of theater that was very popular in Italy during the Renaissance. Small casts would improvise on comedies for which there was no script.

10. Harlequin Brighella Pulcinella Pierrot Columbina Pantalone Il Dottore Isabella Scaramouche

11. Commedia dell'arte incorporates specific roles and characters • Conventional plot lines were written on themes of adultery, jealousy, old age, and love • 3 main stock roles: servant, master and innamorata, • the characteristics of the character and the characteristics of the mask are the same. • servants are called the Zanni ---Arlecchino, Brighella and Pedrolino • Some of the better recognized commedia dell'arte characters include the following: • Arlecchino--also known as Harlequin • Pantalone • Il Dottore • Brighella • Il Capitano • Colombina • the Innamorati • Pedrolino • Pulcinella • Sandrone • Scaramuccia (also known as Scaramouche); • La Signora • Tartaglia

12. VISUSAL ART perspective – creating an illusion of depth---linear perspective sfumato - blurring or softening of sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending of one tone into another through the use of thin glazes to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. Fresco- painting done on wet plaster chiaroscuro - painting modeling effect of using a strong contrast between light and dark to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality.

13. PERSPECTIVE– creating an illusion of depth---linear perspective

14. FRESCO Painting done on wet plaster

15. sfumato - blurring or softening of sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending of one tone into another through the use of thin glazes to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality.

16. LeonardodaVinci During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci created works with less religious emphasis than those of the Medieval period and more of the world around him. Still, religion remained an inspiration to the visual arts. Some of da Vinci’s most famous paintings are of the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and John the Baptist.

17. Michelangelo Another famous artist was Michelangelo whose passion to create sculptures inspired Pieta and David. His painting, The Creation of Adam, adorns the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and took several years to create.

18. William Shakespeare

19. SHAKESPEARE William Shakespeare was said to have developed ideas for his plays from commedia dell ‘Arte. Considered to be the most famous playwright of all time, Shakespeare wrote a variety of plays including comedies, tragedies, and historical dramas.

20. Sonnet 18 14 lines. All sonnets have 14 lines which can be broken down into four sections called quatrains. Written in iambic Pentameter. Sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, a poetic meter with 10 beats per line made up of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables A strict rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme of a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB / CDCD / EFEF / GG (note the four distinct sections in the rhyme scheme).

21. 1st Quatrain This establishes the subject of the sonnet. The subject’s true beauty is being compared to the beauty of a summer’s day. Number of lines: 4 Rhyme scheme A (-ay) B (-ate) A (-ay) B (-ate)

22. 2nd Quatrain This should develop the sonnet’s theme. --Summer is not eternal Number of lines: 4. Rhyme Scheme: C ( -ines) D (imm’d) C (-ines) D (imm’d)

23. 3rd Quatrain This should round off the sonnet’s theme. The subject of this sonnet can never loose their beauty . Even death cannot stop the beauty of the subject and the admiration the speaker has for them. Number of lines: 4. Rhyme Scheme: E (-ade) F (owest) E (-ade) F (-owest)

24. 4th This should act as a conclusion to the sonnet. As long as there is life on this planet, this will always be true and you will live forever. Number of lines: 2. Rhyme Scheme: G (-ee) G (-ee)

25. MUSIC EXAMPLES Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (between February 3 1525 and February 2 1526[1] – 2 February 1594) Italiancomposer of the Renaissance.

26. With regard to the arts, a composer named Palestrina carried music to a new level. Instead of the monophonic melodies of the Medieval period sung by the Roman Catholic priests, Palestrina developed music that included two or more melodic lines performed at the same time. This was called counterpoint. In counterpoint two or more voices or instruments play against each other. If one melodic line moves upward, the other melodic line (or lines) move downward. If a pitch in a melodic line is sustained, the pitches in the other melodic line will move. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhpQgOpFEsY