New Core Curriculum

1. New Core Curriculum Foundations of Scientific Process Classical Genetics

2. Chromosomes are highly condensed structures in the nucleus of every cell built from DNA wrapped around series of histone proteins

3. Chromosomes are highly condensed structures in the nucleus of every cell built from DNA wrapped around series of histone proteins Genome the complete package of genetic material (all DNA) for a living organism , organized in 23 pairs of chromosomes In humans the entire stretch of DNA polymer is made of ~ 3·109 monomer units

4. Chromosomes are highly condensed structures in the nucleus of every cell built from DNA wrapped around series of histone proteins Genome the complete package of genetic material (all DNA) for a living organism , organized in 23 pairs of chromosomes Geneis a stretch of DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein

5. DNA segment that encodes for a protein when and where it is made new definition of a Gene

6. Chemical Composition of Living Matter small subset of atoms provides an extensive molecular diversity 3 essential biomolecules for existence and continuation of life: 6 atomic constituents C, H, N, O, P, S build 99.6% of living matter DNA, RNA: 4 nucleic bases Proteins: 20 amino acids variable units All life is based on 6 chemical elements that are arranged in more complex structures (DNA, RNA, proteins)

7. Genetic code for DNA 2 strands of backbone locked by base pairs double helix 4 Nucleic Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine

8. Genetic code for DNA 2 strands of backbone locked by base pairs double helix 4 Nucleic Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) Thymine Adenine Pairing A-T G-C Guanine Cytosine

9. It is the wave function that describes the particle's motion when it travels unobserved. H-bonding interactions help cross-link: H-bonding  attractive force between one electronegative atom (O,F, N) and a hydrogen covalently bonded to another electronegative atom. cross-linking via H-bonding example: Kevlarderives part of its high strength from inter-molecular hydrogen bonds on neighboring polymer chains and aromatic (ring) stacking interactions between stacked strands

10. 0.34 nm

11. The structure of DNA: chemical variability nucleic bases in arbitrary sequence • repetitive structure • backbone • uniform helix base -sequence encodes the meaning Notice that the widths of the pairs A-T and G-C are equal Watson and Crick

12. The structure of DNA: chemical variability nucleic bases in arbitrary sequence • repetitive structure • backbone • uniform helix base -sequence encodes the meaning Notice that the widths of the pairs A-T and G-C are equal Physically Repetitive, Chemically Variable

13. The structure of DNA: chemical variability nucleic bases in arbitrary sequence • repetitive structure • backbone • uniform helix base -sequence encodes the meaning Notice that the widths of the pairs A-T and G-C are equal Physically Repetitive, Chemically Variable Why is this significant ?

14. The structure of DNA: chemical variability nucleic bases in arbitrary sequence • repetitive structure • backbone • uniform helix base -sequence encodes the meaning Notice that the widths of the pairs A-T and G-C are equal Physically Repetitive, Chemically Variable • Readability requires some sort of regular structure that can be algorithmically sifted through (semi-conservative replication) • Chemically variability in sequence provides a meaning and a genetic diversity

15. Semi-conservative Replication: DNA  DNA C T G A G A C T ONE COPY Sequence info is kept by separated strand G A C T C T G A DNA polymerase + mix of four subunit bases A C G T C T A G EXACT COPY EXACT COPY C T G A G A C T C T G A G A C T Provides opportunity for introduction and preservation of Novelty TWO COPIES

16. semi-conservative replication of DNA

17. Genetic code for RNA 1 strands of backbone with base pairs single helix 4 Nucleic Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine Triplet of RNA bases (codon) translates into a particular amino acids

18. Meaning of a genetic code Proteins The structure of DNA: variable sequence (string) built of 20 amino acids (building blocks) What Is A Virus?: Genetics Review strings of amino acids fold up into particular shape Shape governs the Function (Meaning)

19. Hereditary Material: Proteins (backbone + 20 amino acids) DNA (backbone + 4 nucleic bases) Protein vs. DNA

20. Hereditary Material: Proteins (backbone + 20 amino acids) DNA (backbone + 4 nucleic bases) Protein vs. DNA Hershey-Chase experiment: Virus infects Bacteria 32P-labeled DNA 35S-labeled Protein

21. Hereditary Material: Proteins (backbone + 20 amino acids) DNA (backbone + 4 nucleic bases) Protein vs. DNA 2/3 within bacterium Hershey-Chase experiment: Virus infects Bacteria 32P-labeled DNA 35S-labeled Protein 1/4 within bacterium

22. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: 1) DNA encodes RNA 2) RNA encodes Proteins 3) Proteins encode shape/function DNA  RNA  Protein • Genetic information (the MEANING) is encoded in the SEQUENCE of basis along the DNA strand; • DNA is not a direct template for protein synthesis;

23. The History of Classical Genetics NATURE|Vol 441|25 May 2006