Human Security Principle f ocusing on prevention

1. Human Security Principlefocusing on prevention GROUP 3 Fukasawa, Michiko / LEE, Chae won / CHOI, Seungyeon

2. Prevention: the comparison of Okirai and Okawa Elementary School 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ・Near the river ・Had a large mountain behind the school buildings ・During class → Prevention determined whether children could survive or not.

3. Case1: Okirai Elementary School ・located on lower place than the municipal road → Parents complained to the school → Built a large emergency staircase → All children and teachers survived.

4. Case2: Okawa Elementary School

5. 14:16 Earthquake convulsed the whole city 15:00 Teachers called the roll of students Started to discuss where they should take refuge at 15:25 Municipality bulletin warned of Tsunami The discussion finished 15:37 The river flooded Students were carried away while evacuating

6. Lessons: ① Assuming “the worst” is effective ② The administration should listen to what people are anxious about

7. Prevention: Superdome and FEMA Hurricane Katrina Focusing on New Orleans, Main causes those led to failure Timeline Evaluation

8. Hurricane Katrina-One of the most dangerous hurricanes in American historyYet New Orleans was not ready • New Orleans • Poor city • NO personal transportation (20%) • Levees • Can endure up to Category 3 → Katrina: Category 5 • Worn-out 1st Cause

9. Timeline: August, 2005

10. FEMA(Federal Emergency Management Agency) 2nd Cause • Went under Homeland Security Department (by Congress) • Lack of communication • Low Efficiency • Blame Game • Originally belonged to the White House

11. Lack of Consensus within Local Government 3rd Cause • Conflict between Mayor and Governor • Passive evacuation enforcement • Did not connect itself firmly to FEMA and central government

12. Evaluation • Authorities did not tried their beston evacuation plan3/5 • Lack of communications between authorities 1/5 • Levees: terribly mismanaged 2/5 • Shelter: Superdome was nice try, but was not enough 3/5 • Prevention: Less than 50%

13. Prevention: Buffer Zone Policy of Sri Lanka 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

14. Timeline 100M landwards from the mean high water line in South coast 200M landwards from the mean high water line in East coast Vary from 35M to 125M standards from the 1997 Coastal Zone Management Plan

15. Tsunami Impact

16. Buffer Zone Policy • Fishing communities forced to be displaced and livelihoods of the most vulnerable being threatened • Reconstruction and relocation scheme delayed until policy revision • Poorly assessed damages and arbitrary compensation Bigger confusion and uncertainty created

17. Buffer Zone Policy • Arbitrary policy without consultation with the victims and professionals • Local and village level officers (GramaSevakas) ill informed of the policy • Lacking considerations on deep-rooted ethno-national tensions, intensifying security threats Prevention policy threatening human security

18. ConclusionLessons for future preventive measures Prevention - ALWAYS IMPORTANT • Assuming the worst case scenario • Promoting cooperation among government sectors /between authority and people • Understanding and considering vulnerability created by social, political, economic and cultural forces Not a simple work to go through

19. Thank you 