Human Security

1. Human Security New Approach to Security

2. National vs Individual Security • Concept- post-Cold Wardevelopment; multi-disciplinary understanding of security involving a number of research fields, including development studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights. • Security should be the individual rather than the state. • Human security holds that a people-centered view of security is necessary for national, regional and global stability. • Human security , a rough parallel to well-being or quality of life but for everyone rather than just the middle class and above. • The United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) 1994 Human Development Reportis considered to be a milestone publication in the field of human security, with its argument that insuring "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear" for all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity.

3. UNDP’s definition of Human Security • Dr. MahbubulHaqfirst drew global attention to the concept of human security in the UNDP's 1994 Human Development Reportand sought to influence the UN's 1995 World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. • The UNDP's 1994 Human Development Report's definition of human security argues that the scope of global security should be expanded to include threats in seven areas: Economic security — An assured basic income for individuals, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as a last resort, from a publicly financed safety net. • Currently, 1/4th of the world’s people are presently economically secure. • Economic security is a serious problem in developing countries, concern also arises in developed countries as well. • Unemployment problems constitute an important factor underlying political tensions and ethnic violence

4. Seven….. 2. Food security :All people and at all times must have both physical and economic access to basic food. • UN, "the overall availability of food is not a problem, rather the problem often is the poor distribution of food and a lack of purchasing power." • In the past, food security problems were dealt with at both national and global levels. • UN, "the key is to tackle the problems relating to access to assets, work and assured income (related to economic security)." 3. Health security— Health Security aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles. • Developing countrie'smajor causes of death traditionally were infectious and parasitic diseases, whereas in industrialized countries, the major killers were diseases of the circulatory system. • Lifestyle-related chronic diseases are leading killers worldwide, with 80 % of deaths from chronic diseases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. • UN, "Both developing and industrial countrie'sthreats to health security are usually greater for poor people in rural areas, particularly children. This is due to malnutrition and insufficient access to health services, clean water and other basic necessities

5. Seven…. 4. Environmental security—Aims to protect people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, man-made threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural environment. • Developing countries, lack of access to clean water resources is one of the greatest environmental threats. • Industrial countries, one of the major threats is air pollution. Global warming, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, is another environmental security issue. 5. Personal security— Personal security aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals and sub-state actors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults. For many people, the greatest source of anxiety is crime, particularly violent crime

6. Seven…. 6. Community security— Community security aims to protect people from the loss of traditional relationshipsand values and from sectarian and ethnic violence. Traditional communities (minority) ethnic groups are often threatened. About half of the world’s states have experienced some inter-ethnic strife. The UN declared 1993 the Year of Indigenous People to highlight the continuing vulnerability of the 300 million aboriginal people in 70 countries as they face a widening spiral of violence. 7. Political security— Political security is concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic human rights. Amnesty International, "political repression, systematic torture, ill treatment or disappearance is still practiced in 110 countries. • HR violations are most frequent during periods of political unrest. Along with repressing individuals and groups, governments may try to exercise control over ideas and information.

7. Freedom from Fear vs Freedom from Want and beyond • Freedom from Fear— Human Security to protect individuals from violent conflicts and these threats are strongly associated with poverty, lack of state capacity and other forms of inequities. Emergency assistance, conflict prevention and resolution, peace-building are the main concerns of this approach. Canada, banned landmines and has incorporated the "Freedom from Fear" agenda as a primary component in its own foreign policy. • Freedom from Want— It is a holistic approach; argues that the threat agenda should be broadened to include hunger, disease and natural disasters because they are inseparable concepts in addressing the root of human insecurity. They kill far more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined.Different from "Freedom from Fear", it expands the focus beyond violence with emphasis on development and security goals.

8. Security and the Threats

9. Traditional and Human security

10. Human development and Human Security

11. Human Rights and Human security Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.“Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rightsstates, "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a "right" is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate

12. Relationship with NGOs The generally accepted understanding of the term NGO refers to independent development actors existing apart from governments and corporations. NGOs have major contributions to human development, including fields of health and nutrition, education and the environment. They are also key players in international development and prominent advocates of international human rights, both of which are critical components of human security. The focus, expertise and infrastructure developed by NGOs through their activities linked with human development and human rights allow them to make unique contributions to human security provision.

13. Relationship with environment human security can be broken down into a series of subcomponents to better achieve optimal environmental and social security. Environmental security is composed of two subcomponents: (a) Rational resource utilization, that is resource use that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”[30] Social security can be simplified to components of (a) Established political safeguards, (b) Economic safeguards, (c) Personal safeguards, and (d) Military safeguards.[28] The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) states that a major goal of comprehensive human security is to “transmit practical recommendations to policy-makers on how to strengthen human security through better environmental management and more effective natural resource governance.”[31] The overreaching goal being a pervasive global mindset that recognizes the interdependent natures of the natural environment and our collective social security.

14. Gender and human security Human security focuses on the serious neglect of gender concerns under the traditional security model. Traditional security’s focus on external military threats to the state has meant that the majority of threats women face have been overlooked. By focusing on the individual, the human security model aims to address the security concerns of both women and men equally. Women are often the worst victims of violence and conflict: they form the majority of civilian deaths; the majority of refugees; and, are often the victims of cruel and degrading practices, such as rape.[32] Women's security is also threatened by unequal access to resources, services and opportunities.[32] Human security seeks to empower women, through education, participation and access, as gender equality is seen as a necessary precondition for peace, security and a prosperous society.[32]

15. Humanitarian Intervention These principles on humanitarian intervention are the product of a debate pushed by United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. He posed a challenge to the international community to find a new approach to humanitarian intervention that responded to its inherent problems.[34] In 2001, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) produced the "The Responsibility to protect", a comprehensive report detailing how the “right of humanitarian intervention” could be exercised. It was considered a triumph for the human security approach as it emphasized and gathered much needed attention to some of its main principles: The protection of individual welfare is more important than the state. If the security of individuals is threatened internally by the state or externally by other states, state authority can be overridden. Addressing the root causes of humanitarian crises (e.g. economic, political or social instability) is a more effective way to solve problems and protect the long-term security of individuals. Prevention is the best solution. A collective understanding of the deeper social issues along with a desire to work together is necessary to prevent humanitarian crises, thereby preventing a widespread absence of human security within a population (which may mean investing more in development projects).

16. Conclusion • Human Security; Insecurity • Economic • Environmental • Personal: HDI • Political\Food • Health • Community • Cause violence: Structural, Direct, Indirect • Human Development • EmancipatoryvsConfirmity (Regulated) and (free) • Survival vs Self expression (Basic needs vs demanding) transfer from one to another • Egoistic vs Humanistic (Individual vs Humanity) • Human Development Index – Income, Knowledge, Health

17. Conclusion • South Asia • Suffering from Migration, discrimination, political instability, ethnic dispues, Povertty, unemployment, poor health, natural and man made disasters, proper education. • Girls trafficking • Life expentency • Economic Insecurity and violence: • Revolution in Child Survival: Mnitoring the growth, Infant mortality, Breast Feeding, Observance of children