Human Security

1. HumanSecurity Nikola Hynek

2. What used to be security studies • Until the 1970s: predominantly military-political thought • State-centric = NATIONAL SECURITY, focus on NWs, national interest, survival and power politics (tangible resources) • strategic studies Vs. security studies • First shift: The First and Second Oil Crises of the 1970s •  Resulted in the focus on economic relations; security was no longer entirely about military power

3. The 1980s: Changes in Security Studies • Challenges to the Western (US) profile of security studies: - 1. The “Third World“ School (Ayoob) - 2. The “Copenhagen School“ - Barry Buzan´s “People, States and Fear“ - 3. Resonance of the notion of “comprehensive and cooperative security“ in P-M circles: The Brandtand Palme Reports = broadening of the scope; an affinity with the Brundtland Report (the WCED)

4. ´89-´91: The Implosion of the Cold War Structure • Academic transformations: The inability of R and N-R to account for the systemic change – need for new approaches • Political transformations: shifting patterns of warfare: interstate  intrastate conflicts + the rise in “humanitarian emergencies“ (Rwanda, Kosovo, Somalia etc.) • As a result, state-centric approaches focusing on military power useless •  two concurrent developments: broadening and deepening of security studies

5. On broadening and deepening • Metaphorically, broadening can be imagined as horizontal expansion and deepening as vertical expansion • Broadening - the expansion of sectors: military sector  five sectors: Military, political, economic, societal and environmental • Deepening - changes in and of a referent object: The nation-state  individuals, communities, the ecosystem etc.