Regulation of Media Industries

1. Regulation of Media Industries

2. Regulation • Generally speaking, why does the government regulate businesses and industries? • Ensure free markets

3. Regulation of media • How are media regulations different from those of most other businesses? • Public interest provisions

4. Early Regulation Radio Act of 1927 • Created Federal Radio Commission (FRC) with power to grant federal licenses to stations for broadcasting over airwaves • Required stations to serve the public interest, convenience and necessity • Licenses given to for-profit broadcasters (not educational institutions)

5. FRC continued • FRC classified stations & assigned frequencies • made rules to prevent interference • established power and location of transmitters • established coverage areas

6. Communications Act of 1934 • Created Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to replace FRC • Recodified many features of earlier radio act • Left “public interest” undefined • Directed FCC to provide: • rapid, efficient communication service • adequate facilities at reasonable charges • distribution of service to all states and communities

7. 1983 new section encouraged provision of new technologies and favoring more competition in the marketplace to “serve the public good”

8. Examples of Media Regulation • Anti-trust action FTC, Justice Department, FCC – e.g. break up of motion picture monopoly in the 1940s • Fairness Doctrine (1949-1987) – required commitment to “different opposing positions on public issues of interest and importance” • Provision of children’s programming • “Fin-syn” rules (1970-1993) – prevented television stations owning their own programming

9. Key concepts • common carrier • natural monopoly • public interest regulation

10. Common Carrier • Akin to a “public utility” • access to communication should be non-discriminatory • rates should be just and reasonable

11. Natural Monopoly • One firm can provide product/service at lower cost than 2 or more • A result of: • economies of scale • single technology specifications • cheaper to achieve universal service

12. Problems with “Natural” Monopoly • Rural areas often served by small independents, which lose access • Natural monopoly often outcome of special interest & predatory policies: • 1880s: Western Union & Bell • 1926: ATT & General Electric, Western Union etc.

13. Public interest • Vaguely defined by regulators • Over time, increasingly defined, informally, as economic interest • E.g., what’s good for media industries is good for the public

14. 1996 Telecommunication Act BROADCAST • Broadcasters may add to existing licensed spectrum to develop digital service, • Spectrum taken away from low-power TV license holders, land mobile services and other small broadcasters. • Broadcasters get their additional spectrum for free. But have to spend millions to outfit for digital • Analog spectrum must eventually be returned.

15. Radio • All national ownership restrictions removed • Local ownership restrictions relaxed according to the size of the market • One owner cannot own more than half the local radio spectrum

16. TV • Single owner may buy stations that reach up to 35% of the national audience • In 50 largest markets: • may own more than one TV station or a radio and a TV station • may own a TV station and a cable TV system in the same place • may own more than one network (except biggest existing networks).

17. Cable • Incentives for establishing cross-platform competition among services • e.g. cable into telephony, phone companies into video service • All rate regulation for non-basic tier services is abolished • This benefits large existing cable companies. • Encourages competition among existing large players; does not encourage entrants.

18. Cable still has public interest obligations • required local carriage of local broadcast signals • franchise obligations imposed by local authorities.

19. Some Outcomes • Local telephone markets quickly consolidated from 7 to only 4 • E.g., CA has only 2 major providers of local land lines: SBC and Verizon • Little choice of cable provider • Cable rates have increased significantly faster than consumer price index • Satellite still controls only a small segment of the market • Satellite by only 2 companies, one of which is News Corp.

20. Outcomes cont. • Triggered a wave of mergers, mainly to protect against competition • Greater concentration in radio: • In cable, the top 10 account for 75% of the industry

21. Greater commercialism: many radio stations offer no local news at all. • In some markets not a single station offers public affairs programming • Overall, public affairs programming accounts for far less than 1% of content. • Decline in minority ownership by ~ 15%

22. June 2003 FCC ruling Regulations Relaxed • Newspaper/television Cross-Ownership • Natl television Ownership Cap (35% to 45%) 2003 changes currently on hold • Citizen complaints • Congressional scrutiny • Cases currently in the courts

23. Concerns about recent FCC rulings • Lead to greater consolidation • Monopolies non-competitive • Mergers limit number of independent voices in media • Localism & community • Corporate accountability • Facilitates censorship

24. Public Concerns About FCC • Public input into FCC decisions generally lacking • Few public hearings, poorly advertised • Current controversy over “hidden” reports & “packed” meetings • Activist groups continue to pressure Congress and FCC