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The Crusading Era

The Crusading Era. Background: Battle of Manzikert. Seljuk Turks Kazakhstan: confederation Beginning 985: moved into Persia Expanded into Baghdad Sunni Muslims Rulers referred to as “sultans” 1071: defeated Byzantine Army Byzantine loss of Anatolia. Byzantine vulnerability.

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The Crusading Era

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  1. The Crusading Era

  2. Background: Battle of Manzikert • Seljuk Turks • Kazakhstan: confederation • Beginning 985: moved into Persia • Expanded into Baghdad • Sunni Muslims • Rulers referred to as “sultans” • 1071: defeated Byzantine Army • Byzantine loss of Anatolia

  3. Byzantine vulnerability • Fragmentation, weakening of central control • Dynatoi • Appeal to the west: • 1054 schism with western church, possible reunion • Alexius Commenus, 1095: asked pope for help

  4. First Crusade 1096-1099 • Urban II’s speech • Miller 34 (also in textbook) • Peasants’ Crusade • Peter the Hermit • Persecution of Jews (source 5.6) • Muslim disunity • July 1099: conquest of Jerusalem • Crusader states (map, Rosenwein197) • Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem

  5. Second and Third Crusades • Second Crusade: • Precipitated by the fall of Edessa to Zangi • Preached by Bernard of Clairvaux • Miller 35: What does this source tell us about Bernard's form of piety? • Participation of kings • Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany • Further massacres of Jews in Rhineland • Third Crusade (“Kings’ Crusade”): • Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip II Augustus, Richard I the Lionhearted • Saladin unified Muslim rule in Middle East • 1187 Battle of Hattin: Saladin retakes Jerusalem

  6. Crusading Documents • For Source 5.6, how does the poet make sense of this tragic event in the context of his people's sense of their relationship with their God? • For source 5.7, in what ways does the author portray her father as heroic? How do the Crusaders come across? What does this document demonstrate about relations between East and West at this time? • 5.8 and 5.9 present opposing views of the same events. Compare the way the two sources characterize the conquest of Antioch, and note the manner in which Ibn al-Athir represents the Franks.

  7. Monastic Reform: Cistercians • lay brothers (conversi) • grange • Romanesque • Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter the Venerable were at odds with one another in their understanding of the monastic life. How do sources 5.18 and 5.19 present contrasting views of the Cluniac monasteries?

  8. Monastic Reform: Cistercians • Questions and Terms: • Why did the monastic reform initiative that produced Cluny become bogged down? Why, in other words, was there a need for subsequent reforms? • Why did women fail to benefit from the flowering of monasticism during this period? • How did the Cistercians manifest their standard of austere simplicity in their buildings, vessels, liturgy, and dress? • How does Rosenwein characterize Cistercian piety?

  9. Carthusians • Contemplative order founded by Bruno of Cologne • Individual cells, solitary prayer • Combination of eremetic and cenobitic monasticism • La Grande Chartreuse

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