Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion

1. Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation • A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

3. Early Motivation Theories Motivation is based on our instincts: • A behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is UNLEARNED.

4. 12.1 Theories of Motivation • 4 Theories to Motivation • 1. Instinct Theory • 2. Drive- Reduction • 3. Incentive Theory • 4. Cognitive Theory

5. Instinct Theorystates that motivation is the result of biological, genetic programming • Explains some animal behaviors • Explains some human behaviors, we eat when we are hungry. At the heart of this perspective, is the motivation to survive - we are biologically programmed to survive.

6. Other instincts include Cleanliness Curiosity Parental love Sociability Sympathy

7. How do ads “motivate” people to buy products?

8. Drive-Reduction Theory • The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. • The need is usually to maintain homeostasis. For example, we reduce the NEED to eat by eating.

9. Incentive Theory • An incentive may be defined as an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior. This does not mean that it will always motivate behavior, only that it can.

10. How are Incentives different than drives? • Give examples of them in your everyday life.

11. Arousal Theory • Sometimes we do not seek homeostasis. • Sometimes we seek arousal. • Our needs go beyond reducing drives.

12. Drive-Reduction Theory • We are not only pushed by our needs but.… Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

13. Intrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

14. Extrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

15. Classwork • ANSWER QUESTIONS • 1, 2, and 3 on page 318

16. Maslow’s Definition of a Self-actualized Person • Has no mental illness • Satisfied in basic needs • Fully exploited talents • Motivated by values

17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITH SURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

18. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUAL CANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVEL UNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE SATISFIED SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

19. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

20. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

21. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs NEED SELF- ACTUALIZATION ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

22. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs NEED FOR SELF- ACTUALIZATION MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION IS A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME MOTIVATION

23. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs NEED FOR SELF- ACTUALIZATION MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION IS A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME MOTIVATION SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS ACTUALIZING ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS CAPABLE OF BECOMING

24. Douglas McGregor, Theories of X and Y T H E O R Y T H E O R Y X Y

25. Theory X • Assumes that works are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money. • Must never be trusted and always be watched. • To work more, they must be given money.

26. Theory X • Theory X assumes people dislike work and do whatever they can to avoid it. This leads to the following: • Because people hate work, they have to be forced, threatened or bribed before they will work hard enough. • People like to be ordered about, they seek security in authority and go out of their way to avoid taking on responsibility. • Money is the main motivating force. Issues to do with personal security come second. • The only creativity most people display is when it comes to avoiding work or finding ways of getting around management edicts.

27. Theory Y • Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

28. Theory Y • People are generally happy to direct themselves towards any acceptable goal or target. • Self-discipline is more effective and, in some cases, more severe than any external direction. Under the right conditions people will seek out and accept responsibility. • Once certain basic needs are met, people are more likely to be motivated by their internal need to realize their full potential than any base incentive. • Everyone is basically creative and capable of intelligence, most of the time these qualities are underused

29. two-factor theory, proposed by Frederick Herzberg • He also surmised that it is the work itself and what people get out of it, rather than factors such as pay and physical working conditions, that determines job satisfaction.

31. INTRINSIC vs. EXTRINSIC A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective. A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. • Why are you in AP Psych? • Interesting • Curiosity • Competent • Why are you in AP Psych? • Parents. • Need the credit. • Save money in college.

33. Hunger Hunger is both physiological and psychological.

34. Physiology of Hunger • Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach. • But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

35. Body Chemistry • Glucose • The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. • When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

36. The Brain In the 1960’s it was discovered that hunger comes from……….. The Hypothalamus

37. The Hypothalamus & Hunger • Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the lateral hypothalamus: which brings on hunger. Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus and even a well fed animal will begin to eat. Lesions on the lateral hypothalamuscause a starving animal to have no interest in food.

38. The Psychology of Hunger • Externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors.

39. Taste Preferences Food taste better and we chew less when we are hungry (beginning of a meal). Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal). Its weird, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths.