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Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and Introduction

Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and Introduction. I > Clicker Question (Sample) Which of the following questions best describes my I > clicker experience thus far?

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Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and Introduction

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  1. Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and Introduction

  2. I > Clicker Question (Sample) • Which of the following questions best describes my I > clicker experience thus far? • I have never used an I >Clicker in a classroom experience before, but I am looking forward to doing so in BIOL 232. • I have used an I > Clicker in some other situation, but I am definitely looking forward to using it in BIOL 232. • I dislike I > Clickers because they are an ugly grey/beige color that detracts from my textbook and notebook for BIOL 232. • I am in BIOL 232?!?! I thought this was my accounting class! • I > Clcker?!?! What is that?

  3. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules. 2 Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascularsystem Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells. 3 Heart Bloodvessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelialtissue Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues. 4 Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems. Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely. 6 5

  4. Figure 1.2 Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine

  5. Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Hair Nails Skin (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

  6. Figure 1.3b The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

  7. Figure 1.3c The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.

  8. Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Brain Nerves Spinal cord (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

  9. Figure 1.3e The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

  10. Figure 1.3g The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

  11. Figure 1.3f The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, whichcarries oxygen, carbon dioxide,nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumpsblood.

  12. Figure 1.3h The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

  13. Figure 1.3i The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

  14. Figure 1.3j The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

  15. Figure 1.3k-l The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Ductus deferens Testis Uterine tube Scrotum Uterus Vagina (l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

  16. Figure 1.4 Interaction among the elements of a homeostatic control system. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 4 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Afferent pathway Efferent pathway 2 Receptor Effector 5 Receptor detects change. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. BALANCE

  17. Figure 1.5 Regulation of body temperature by a negative feedback mechanism. Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Sweat glands Sweat glands activated Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends Stimulus Body temperature rises BALANCE Stimulus Body temperature falls Response Body temperature rises; stimulus ends Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Skeletal muscles Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Shivering begins Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain)

  18. Figure 1.6 Summary of the positive feedback mechanism regulating formation of a platelet plug. 1 Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall. Positive feedback cycle is initiated. 3 Released chemicals attract more platelets. 2 Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. Positive feedback loop Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed. 4 Platelet plug forms.

  19. Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Cephalic Frontal Otic Orbital Occipital (back of head) Nasal Oral Upper limb Mental Cervical Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Antecubital Thoracic Olecranal Back (dorsal) Sternal Antebrachial (forearm) Axillary Scapular Mammary Carpal (wrist) Vertebral Abdominal Lumbar Umbilical Manus (hand) Pelvic Sacral Pollex Metacarpal Inguinal (groin) Gluteal Palmar Digital Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic Femoral (thigh) (genital) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Thorax Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Calcaneal Metatarsal Back (Dorsum) Digital Plantar Hallux (a) Anterior/Ventral (b) Posterior/Dorsal

  20. I > Clicker Question (Sample) • Which of the following questions best describes my CITI Training thus far? • I am finished and look forward to receiving my 10 BONUS POINTS! • I am still working on it and will be sure to get it done at the appropriate time to get my 10 BONUS POINTS! • I am still working on it and think I may not get it done in time to earn my 10 BONUS POINTS….. Instead I will either LOSE 15 points or LOSE 50 points!!!!! Argh!!!! I had better try harder and get it done so I can earn my 10 BONUS POINTS • I look forward to losing 15 or 50 points and so I plan to do the assignment late if at all.

  21. I > Clicker Question (Sample) • Which of the following questions best describes my I > clicker experience thus far? • I have never used an I >Clicker in a classroom experience before, but I am looking forward to doing so in BIOL 232. • I have used an I > Clicker in some other situation, but I am definitely looking forward to using it in BIOL 232. • I dislike I > Clickers because they are an ugly grey/beige color that detracts from my textbook and notebook for BIOL 232. • I am in BIOL 232?!?! I thought this was my accounting class! • I > Clcker?!?! What is that?

  22. Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal) Pancreas Aorta Spleen Liver Spinal cord Intestines Rectum Spleen Left and right lungs Liver Heart Body wall Vertebral column Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer

  23. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

  24. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

  25. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Diaphragm Liver Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Stomach Gallbladder Transverse colon of large intestine Ascending colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Descending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

  26. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)

  27. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

  28. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

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