Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

1. Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

2. Objectives • Identify the roles of censorship and salons in the spread of new ideas. • Describe how the Enlightenment affected the arts and literature. • Understand how philosophes influenced enlightened despots. • Explain why Enlightenment ideas were slow to reach most Europeans.

3. Terms and People • censorship– restrictions on access to ideas or information • salons– informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas • baroque – ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s • rococo – personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s

4. enlightened despot –an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change Frederick the Great– king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, an enlightened despot Catherine the Great – became empress of Russia in 1762; believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty Joseph II – the most radical of the enlightened despots; ruled Austria and worked for religious equality and an end to censorship Terms and People (continued)

5. As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what cultural and political changes took place? The Enlightenment brought cultural changes as writers, artists, and musicians spread new ideas. Even absolute monarchs in Europe became enlightened despots by granting greater freedoms in their realms.

6. From France, the heart of the Enlightenment, ideas spread across Europe and to the colonies in the “New World.” These new ideas created challenges to the rulers of the day. Americans colonists came to believe that independence was necessary to achieve a just society.

8. For each of the following books explain what the book was about on the surface as well as the hidden message Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift The Persian Letters by Montesquieu Candid by Voltaire

9. Top 10 Notes: Gulliver's Travels

10. Candide by Voltaire (Summary and Review) - Minute Book Report

11. Most government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order of divine-right rule and strict social classes. Montesquieu’s Voltaire’s Jonathan Swift’s

12. Ideas spread through ___________- informal social gatherings as well as books and pamphlets. salons • Madame Geoffrin-hosted the most respected salons; invited writers and musicians such as Diderot and Mozart. In the 1600s, a group of noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings.

13. The arts evolved along with the new ideas of the Enlightenment. • In the age of Louis XIV, courtly art and architecture were grand and opulent, reflecting the lives of saints or glorious battles. This was the era of the _________ style, as seen in the décor of the palace at Versailles. baroque

14. Annibale Carracci, Loves of the Gods, 1597 – 1601, Ceiling Fresco

15. The court of Louis XV was much less formal, which was reflected in the _________ style. rococo Artists moved away from heavy splendor to light, elegant, and charming subjects. This style was criticized by the philosophes as superficial, but it was very popular among the upper and middle classes.

16. Anotine Watteau, Return from Cythera

17. Jean-Onore Fragonard, The Swing

18. Explain The differences between Baroque and Rococo

19. Johann Sebastian Bach • Created religious works for organ and choirs George Frideric Handel • Wrote pieces for King George I, as well as 30 operas • Developed the string quartet and the symphony Franz Joseph Haydn • Created operas, symphonies, and religious music that defined the new style of composition Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart As in art, music evolved from baroque to rococo. An elegant new “classical” style emerged.

20. Literature developed new forms and readers by the 1700s. • Middle-class readers liked stories about their own times told in straightforward language. • Thus began an outpouring of novels, long works of prose fiction. • _______________, by Daniel Defoe, was an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island. Robinson Crusoe

21. Absolute monarchs who adopted or accepted Enlightenment ideas were known as _________________. enlightened despots Monarchs who applied enlightened ideas to their governments included • Frederick the Greatof Prussia • Catherine the Greatof Russia • Joseph II of Austria

22. ________________ (Prussia) • Reduced use of torture • Allowed a free press • Tolerated religious differences _________(Austria) • Modernized Austria’s government • Supported religious equality for Jews and Protestants • Ended censorship • Abolished serfdom ___________________(Russia) • Abolished torture • Established religious tolerance • Granted nobles a charter of rights • Criticized the institution of serfdom The ideas of the philosophes convinced some rulers that reform was necessary. Frederick the Great Joseph II Catherine the Great

23. Enlightenment despots favored religious tolerance, tax reform, reduced gov’t spending, & legal rights Joseph II of Austria granted freedom of speech, press, religion & required peasants to be paid for their work • Catherine the Great Abolished torture, Established religious tolerance, criticized the institution of serfdom Frederick the Great of Prussia granted religious freedom, abolished torture, & improved education

24. Although these rulers implemented reforms, they would not give up their own power. • Frederick the Great desired a stronger monarchy and more power for himself. • Catherine the Great refused to give up power and aggressively expanded the Russian empire. • Joseph II implemented many changes, but most were canceled after his death.

25. The majority remained peasants in small rural villages. • By the late 1700s, though, ideas about equality and social justice reached peasant villages. • These ideas sowed the seeds for the political upheaval of the 1800s. Most Europeans’ lives were untouched by the Enlightenment and new cultural movements.