5.2 Enlightenment Ideas Spread

1. 5.2 Enlightenment Ideas Spread Chapter 5 Section 2 pp. 149-153

2. Vocabulary Terms • Baroque: ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s • Censorship: restriction on access to ideas and information • Enlighteneddespot: absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change • Rococo: personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s and featuring fancy designs in the shape of leaves, shells and scrolls • Salon: informal social gathering at which writers, artists, and philosophers exchanged ideas

3. Prominent People in this Section • JosephII: Hapsburg emperor who improved the lives of his subjects through a reformation • JohannSebastianBach: famous German composer • GeorgeFrederickHandel: famous German composer and opera writer • WolfgangAmadeusMozart: child prodigy and famous composer • DanielDefoe: author of Robinson Crusoe • Candide: novel written by Voltaire in 1759

4. Setting the Scene • Paris was the heart of the Enlightenment. • Proposals of new ideas spread rapidly overnight. • These ideas flowed across Europe. • Most of these ideas caused people to take a closer look at their traditional beliefs and customs and the reason behind them.

5. The Challenge of New Ideas • The upper, educated class read Diderot’s Encyclopedia and many other pamphlets. • They began to see the need for a reformation. • During the Middle Ages, Europeans accepted a society that focused on divine-right rule, a strict class system and heaven. • The Age of Reason contradicted these beliefs. • People who believed in the Enlightenment sought social justice and happiness.

6. Censorship • The government and church officials disagreed with the Enlightenment thinkers. • In retaliation, they used censorship and banned or burned books after imprisoning the authors. • Philosophes and writers like Montesquieu and Voltaire disguised their beliefs in fiction. • Montesquieu mocked French society in the Persian Letters. • In his novel Candide, Voltaire talked about the corruption and hypocrisy of European society through his novel’s hero.

7. Salons • Salons were started in the 1600s when noblewomen in Paris would discuss poetry with their friends. • Middle class women began to hold their own salons in the 1700s. • Discussions about new literature, the arts, science, and philosophy were held in these. • Madame Geoffrin ran the most respected salon. She brought together the brightest and most talented people of her day, including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Diderot.

8. Enlightened Despots • Philosophes tried to get European rulers to adopt their ideas. • They wanted the ruling class to accept these ideas in order to bring about reform. • Those of the ruling class who did adopt the Enlightenment concepts became known as enlightened despots.

9. Fredrick the Great • Fredrick II, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, called himself the “first servant of the state”, even though he had a powerful grip on his subjects. • He had Voltaire develop a Prussian academy of science in Berlin. • His subjects were forced to drain away swamplands and grow new crops. • He tolerated religious differences and distributed seeds and tools to those who suffered in Prussia’s wars. • Fredrick’s reforms were to make the government more efficient. • He fixed the civil service and the laws in order to give himself more power.

10. Catherine the Great • Catherine II of Russia was another follower of Voltaire. • She became empress in 1762. • During her reign, Catherine limited reforms in law and government. • Nobles were granted a charter of rights. • Catherine criticized serfdom, but did not intend to give up her power. • Although her empire was expanded, Catherine did not reform Russia.

11. Joseph II • Joseph II, the emperor of Hapsburg and son of Maria Theresa, traveled in disguise to learn the problems of his subjects. • He wanted to improve their lives and was nicknamed the “peasant emperor”. • Joseph continued the reforms that his mother had started. • He gave toleration to Protestants and Jews. • Censorship was ended and he tried to control the Catholic Church. • The properties of monasteries and convents were sold to gain money for hospitals. • Joseph also abolished serfdom, but this was canceled after his death.

12. The Arts and Literature • In the 1600s and 1700s, the arts began to change. • Similar to earlier time periods, artists and composers were required to meet the needs of their patrons.

13. Courtly Art • The baroque style of art was popular in the age of Louis XIV, along with the Greek and Roman forms of art. • Baroque paintings were colorful, large, and very exciting. • They often showed glorified images of battles or the lives of saints. • By the mid 1700s, the rococostyle was developed. • This art was personal and elegant. • It featured flowers and delicate shells. • Portraits done in rococo expressed nobles in rural settings with happy servants and pets.

14. Middle-Class Audiences • Successful merchants and town officials desired to have their portraits painted in a simpler fashion. • They preferred pictures of their family life or realistic town or country scenes. • Rembrandt van Rijn, a famous Dutch painter, and many others worked for the merchants and other middle-class members of society.

15. Trends in Music • New forms of musical entertainment, like ballets and operas, were developed during this era. • Opera houses became popular and the music of the time was very orderly. • Johann Sebastian Bach, a devout German Lutheran, was a major musical figure of the era. • Much of his work was for the organ and choir. • George Frederick Handel, another German composer, wrote many operas like Water Music and the Messiah.

16. Another Famous Composer • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart emerged into society in 1762 as an instant celebrity. • At age six, he became the most famous composer and performer. • For three decades, he wrote many pieces, including operas, symphonies, and religious music. • He died at the age of 35 in poverty. • However, his music legacy still lives on today!

17. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born January 27th, 1756 in Salzburg. • At six, he began to compose and his first symphony was completed when he was eight. • Between the ages of seven and fifteen, Mozart traveled with his father on tour throughout Europe, where he played and entertained many courts and noblemen. • After his mother’s death in 1778, Mozart returned to Salzburg to become the Archbishop’s organist. • However, he left in 1781 and became the first musician in history to embark on a free-lance career.

18. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Cont’d • Mozart married and had a successful career life beginning in 1782. • He wrote many symphonies and masterpieces for Emperor Joseph II, including Quintet for clarinet and strings, the mass in C minor, and one unfinished piece called Requiem. • He wrote numerous operas. • Despite the great amount of wealth that he acquired, Mozart and his family fell into poverty due to his mismanagement of finances. • He became ill and died in Vienna on December 5, 1791, just as his family was becoming financially stable. • Mozart’s musical legacy still lives on today.

19. Mozart’s Mysterious Death Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nEZUpaQAS4

20. The Novel • The middle-class became interested in reading new stories in the 1700s. • Daniel Defoe helped satisfy their hunger for fiction with his tale Robinson Crusoe. • Samuel Richardson was another famous author at the time. • His novel, Pamela, was about a servant girl.

21. Lives of the Majority • The peasants of Europe went through a much slower reform. • In Western Europe, serfdom was disappearing. • Many peasants worked their own land or rented farmland. • Serfdom still existed in some parts of Western Europe, like France. • Serfdom remained in Eastern and Central Europe. • Russia adopted it again in the 1700s. • Peasants began to call for equality and social justice in the late 1700s. • War, changing economic conditions, and political upheaval came about in the 1800s, transforming the ordinary lives of peasants.

22. Review Questions • This was/is a grand and complex artistic style: • baroque • What was the Elegant and charming style, featuring delicate shells and flowers called? • rococo • What is it called when a government or organization restricts access to ideas and information? • censorship • A what was a place for social gatherings in which artists and thinkers exchanged ideas? • salon

23. Review Questions • Joseph II was a what because he used Enlightenment ideas to bring political and social change? • Enlightened despot • The Enlightenment had little effect on what group [class] of people in Europe? • Peasants or the lower class • Thinkers during the Age of Reason challenged the established social order by calling for a just society based on what? • Science and logical thinking • What “enlightened despot” adopted Enlightenment ideas to improve the lives of his people, and was the emperor of Austria? • Joseph II

24. Review Questions • What was the book that Voltaire wrote about traveling around to find the best possible world? • Candide • This artist wrote Messiah a baroque masterpiece that is familiar to most people: • George Frederick Handel • Who was the German composer of religious music for choirs and organs in this chapter? • Johann Sebastian Bach • This artist began composing at the age of 6, wrote operas, symphonies, and religious works of music: • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • This person wrote Robinson Crusoe, and other works about everyday life: • Daniel Defoe

25. Bibliography • History Book • http://www.ipl.org/div/mushist/clas/mozart.html • Google Images