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NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

NUTRITION AND METABOLISM. NUTRIENTS MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS METABOLISM ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS. EATING. NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED HOMEOSTASIS TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION TOO MANY = OBESITY INFLUENCED BY SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE

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NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

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  1. NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

  2. NUTRIENTS MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS METABOLISM ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

  3. EATING • NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED • HOMEOSTASIS • TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION • TOO MANY = OBESITY • INFLUENCED BY • SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE • NEURAL CONTROL: GASTRIC STRETCH RECEPTORS, STRESS, HORMONES BY AFFECTING ARCUATE NUCLEUS IN HYPOTHALAMUS • INSULIN • EATING: ADIPOCYTES RELEASE LEPTIN: INHIBITS RELEASE OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y (WHICH STIMULATES EATING) • LOW LEPTIN = INCREASES APETITIE • GHRELIN: GASTRIC HORMONE: STIMULATES NEUROPEPTIDE Y

  4. CARBOHYDRATES • ? • MOST OF THESE FOODS HAVE MANY MINERALS AND VITAMINS • CELLULOSE: FIBER • MONO: FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE + • EXCESS = ? • GLUCONEOGENESIS ? • TO MAKE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE =? • + LACTOSE DURING LACTATION

  5. CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENTS • PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE • SO MORE ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS =? • 125 TO 175 GRAMS/DAY SO PROTEIN NOT CONSUMED • AVERAGE: 200 TO 300 GRAMS/ DAY

  6. LIPIDS • = ? • USE: ENERGY, STRUCTURES • TRIGLYCERIDES =

  7. LIPID SOURCES • SATURATED • UNSATURATED • MONOUNSATURATED ARE THE HEALTHIEST • SATURATED: HEART DISEASE • CHOLESTEROL

  8. LIPID USE • FATS: ENERGY: 9 KCAL/GRAM • TRIGLYCERIDES: HYDROLYSIS  FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL BETA OXIDATION  ACETYL COENZYME A • OR FATTY ACID OXIDASES  ACETYL COENZYME A • ACETYL COENZYME A IN? • GLYCEROL  GLUCOSE • ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS • CAN FORM LIPOPROTEINS • CHOLESTEROL: STRUCTURES AND HORMONES

  9. LIPID REQUIREMENTS • AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: 30% OR LESS • TO SUPPLY FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

  10. PROTEINS • MONOMERS: ? • ENERGY: DEAMINATION: LIVER REMOVES NITROGEN GROUP WHICH FORMS AMMONIA AND THEN UREA ? TO ? • DEAMINATED AA  ACETYL COENZYME A OR OTHER SPOTS IN KREBS CYCLE • FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT; USUALLY NOT USED FOR ENERGY BUT FOR STRUCTURE BUILDING

  11. PROTEIN SOURCES • LIVER EXCEPT FOR 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • 20 AMINO ACIDS • NOT STORED SO IF NOT USED  USED FOR ENRGY OR FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT • COMPLETE PROTIENS: LIFE AND GROWTH; MILK, MEAT, EGGS • PARTIALLY COMPLETE: LIFE NOT GROWTH • INCOMPLETE PROTEINS

  12. NITROGEN BALANCE • PROTEIN BUILT AND BROKEN DOWN IN CELLS; GAIN = LOSS: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM • NITROGEN IN = NITROGEN OUT • NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ? • POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?

  13. PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS • ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • NITROGEN FOR AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS • SYNTHESIS OF NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS • INTAKE; .8 GRAM/KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT • 60-150 GRAMS/DAY AVERAGE • PREGNANT AND NURSING = MORE

  14. PROTEIN DEFICIENCY • TISSUE WASTING • LOWER PLASMA PROTEIN = LOWER COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ? • FLUID STAYS IN TISSUE = NUTRITIONAL EDEMA

  15. ENERGY EXPENDITURES • IF NOT ENOUGH CALORIES: START DIGESTING STRUCTURAL MOLECULES • TOO MUCH = OBESITY

  16. CALORIES • ENERGY VALUE OF FOOD IN CALORIES • *AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS • FOOD = LARGE CALORIE/KILOCALORIE = 1000X MORE • AMOUNT OF HEAT TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 KILOGRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS = 4.184 JOULES • HOW IS FOOD TESTED FOR ENERGY? • SAME AS IN US ?

  17. CARBOHYDRATES: 4.1 C/G • PROTEINS: 4.1 C/G • FATS: 9.5 C/G

  18. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS • SAME FOR ALL? • WHY? • FOR BMR, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, BODY TEMPERATURE, GROWTH, • BMR: AWAKE AT REST; WHAT IS NEEDED TO KEEP ORGANS GOING • AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED = ? • 1C PER HOUR PER KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT • BODY SIZE, GENDER, BODY TEMPERATURE, ENDOCRINE GLAND ACTIVITY

  19. BMR = SAME ALL DAY ? • WHY ? • BMR USES MOST OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE • NEXT IS VOLUNTARY MUSCLE USE • MAY NEED MORE FOR BODY TEMPERATURE • ALSO NEED MORE FOR GROWTH

  20. ENERGY BALANCE • USUALLY HOMEOSTATIC • POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE • NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE • 500C /DAY = 3500 C /WEEK =1 POUND /WEEK

  21. DESIRABLE WEIGHT • BMI: WEIGHT AND HEIGHT

  22. VITAMINS • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REQUIRED IN SMALL AMOUNTS FOR METABOLISM, WHICH BODY CAN NOT MANUFACTURE ENOUGH OF • PROVITAMINS : PRECURSOR TO VITAMINS • CLASSIFIED BY SOLUBILITY ? • FAT SOLUBLE; A,D,E,K • WATER SOLUBLE: REST, B, C • ARE THEY STORED IN BODY? RESULTS? • WHO NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS?

  23. FAT SOLUBLE • DISSOLVE IN FATS: LIPID SOLUBLE: STORED • CAN BE TOXIC • STABLE TO HEAT SO COOKING? • A: RHODOSPIN: ?; ONLY FROM FOODS FROM ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANT: BREAK DOWN FREE RADICALS THAT CAN DESTORY TISSUES • D: STEROIDS, ACTIVATED FORM HELPS ABSORB CALCIUM; HARD TO GET NATURALLY, SUN HELPS (SUNSCREEN)

  24. E: ANTIOXIDANT; • K: SOME PRODUCED BY BACTERIA E. COLI; • FORMATION OF SOME CLOTTING PROTEIN

  25. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS • SOME DESTROYED BY COOKING • C AND B VITAMINS • B: FAD + NAD FORMATION; AI9DS ACETYL COENZYME A; AIDS FORMATION OF PROTIENS; HELP AMINO ACID METABOLISM; COLLAGEN PRODUCTION;

  26. MINERALS • INORGANIC • PLANTS PICK MINERALS • HUMANS FROM FOOD CHAIN • 4% OF BODY WEIGHT • MOSTLY FOUND IN? (75% OF WEIGHT OF MINERALS IN BONE AND TEETH) • IN ORGANIC MOLECULES • SOME INORGANIC (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) • SOME FREE IONS (CHLORIDE IONS)

  27. STRUCTURAL, IN ENZYMES, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, COAGULATION, pH MAINTAINANCE • HOMEOSTASIS • INTAKE = EXCRETION • PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM IS ION ? • CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS • MINERAL TOXICITY: FOOD, POLLUTION, DISEASE, TRAUMA

  28. MAJOR MINERALS • 75%: CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS • CALCIUM FOR ? • NOT A LOT OF SOURCES • DEFICIENCY IS MORE COMMON THAN TOXICITY • PHOSPHRUS FOR ? • USUALLY HAVE ENOUGH UNLESS THERE IS A DISEASE • POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM, CHLORINE, MAGNESIUM

  29. TRACE ELEMENTS • MICROMINERALS: ESSENTIAL • LESS THAN .005% • MANGANESE, IRON, COPPER, IODINE, COBALT, ZINC, FLOURINE, SELENIUM, CHROMIUM • IRON: LIVER IS ONLY RICH SOURCE BUT OTHER SOURCES • IODINE: MAIN SOURCE?

  30. HEALTHY EATING • ADEQUATE DIET: SUPPORT OPTIMAL GROWTH AND REPAIR BODY TISSUE • RDA GUIDELINES: UPPER LIMIT; LOOKED AT EVERY 5 YEARS why? • RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IS DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS • FOOD PYRAMIDS: GEARED TO AGE, GENDER, FOOD PREFERANCE, HEALTH, GOALS • FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OVER PROCESSED FOOD

  31. MALNUTRITION • UNDERNUTRITION • OVERNUTRITION • PRIMARY MALNUTRITION: DIET • SECONDARY MALNUTRITION: CAUSES AN ADEQUATE DIET TO BE INADEQUATE

  32. STARVATION • 50-70 DAYS • MARASMUS • LACK OF NUTRIENTS KWASHIORKOR PROTEIN STARVATION ANOREXIA NERVOSA SELF IMPOSED STARVATION BULIMIA BINGE AND PURGE

  33. LIFE SPAN CHANGES • DIETARY REQUIREMENTS STAY ABOUT THE SAME BUT OFTEN CAN’T GET NUTRIENTS • BMR CHANGES • RISES, DROPS, RISES, DECLINES @ 50 WEIGHT USUALLY RISES OFTEN AFFECTED BY MEDICATIONS AND POVERTY WITH AGE SOME DEFICIENCIES TAKE A LONG TIME TO SHOW UP

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