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Nutrition and Metabolism

Nutrition and Metabolism. Ashley Woodley. Nutrition. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Vitamins Minerals. Placenta. Nutrients supplied to fetus controlled by: Concentration in maternal circulation Blood supply to the placenta Placenta can change composition of nutrients

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Nutrition and Metabolism

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  1. Nutrition and Metabolism Ashley Woodley

  2. Nutrition • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Vitamins • Minerals

  3. Placenta • Nutrients supplied to fetus controlled by: • Concentration in maternal circulation • Blood supply to the placenta • Placenta can change composition of nutrients • Metabolize amino acids • Produce lactate • Synthesize lipids • Species dependent • Rabbit placenta- produces lipids from acetate or glucose • Guinea pig placenta- no lipid production Jones, 1976

  4. Placenta’s Role in Hormones • Hormones produced by placenta can affect maternal metabolism • Fetus need more glucose • Shift maternal glucose/insulin to supply fetus with more glucose • Fetus need more fatty acids • Placenta produces somatomammotrophin or cortisol to increase lipids coming to the fetus (Jones, 1976)

  5. Placenta and Hormones • Most maternal hormones don’t cross the placenta • Insulin • Glucagon • Growth hormone • ACTH • Don’t affect fetal metabolism (Jones, 1976)

  6. Placenta and Hormones • Some hormones found to cross the Placenta • Corticosteroids • Thyroid hormone • May provide the fetus information on how the mother’s metabolism is doing (Jones, 1976)

  7. Carbohydrates • Main carbohydrates in fetus • Lactate • Fructose • Glucose • sorbitol

  8. Glucose • Main energy substrate for fetal metabolism and growth • Directly dependent on fetal plasma concentrations • Diffused by facilitated diffusion • Specific carrier (GLUT1) • Fetal glucose levels lower than maternal (Hay, 2006)

  9. Glucose • Regulated by insulin produced in the fetal pancreas • (Hay, 2006) • Since so vital to fetus growth and metabolism • Some species produce glucose de novo from lactate, pyruvate, or amino acids • (Jones, 1976)

  10. Glucose • Fetus can adapt to acute or chronic changes in glucose • When glucose levels are low- fetus will increase amino acid oxidation to maintain energy requirements • (Hay, 2006) • Glucose also used for energy by the placenta • (Battaglia, 1988)

  11. Amino Acids • Transported across placenta by facilitated diffusion • Some essential amino acids transported by active transport • Specific transport carriers • Intact proteins are not able to cross the placenta • Amino acid uptake depends on the needs of the fetus as well as if the fetus is able to produce enough on its own (Battaglia, 1992)

  12. Amino Acids • Amino acids used for: • Building blocks for proteins • Precursors for glucose synthesis • Respiration • Production of other nutrients • Example: lipids • (Jones, 1976) • Evidence of use for energy - high amount of CO2 produced and high urea production • (Battaglia, 1988) • Amino acids are also used to shuttle nitrogen and carbon between organs in the fetus • (Battaglia, 1992)

  13. Lipids • Transported across the placenta as free fatty acids and glycerol • Fetal liver and adipose tissue show high rates of lipid synthesis during gestation • (Jones, 1976)

  14. Vitamins and Minerals • Vitamins cross the placenta at different rates • Water soluble: cross over easily • Vitamin C transported by a gradient • Fat soluble: cross over more difficultly • Vitamin D uses a binding protein • Minerals • Transported across the placenta at different rates depending on fetal development • Active transport

  15. Importance of Manganese • Gestating heifers fed either normal diet (Control) or had normal diet and supplemented 50mg of Mn/Kg DM • Control: calves had • lower BW • Dwarfs compared to other calves • Showed signs of equilibrium problems (unable to hold head straight) • Slight signs of brachygnathism (Hansen et. al, 2006)

  16. Importance of Manganese (Hansen et. al, 2006)

  17. Importance of Manganese • Supplemented heifers were not affected by it and calves were better off • Deficiencies in manganese can lead to bending of long bones and severe crippling in calves (Hanson et. al, 2006)

  18. Neonate Nutrition • Colostrum • Immunoglobulin • Milk • All the neonates nutrients in one liquid • Helps us understand the needs of the neonates • Jersey and Guernsey milk is higher in total solids and fats • Calves may have higher energy needs • Each species has different milk components • Varies even within species (Bascom, 2002)

  19. Milk Components (Bascom, 2002)

  20. Milk Components in Dairy Cows (Bascom, 2002)

  21. Digestion in Young Calves • More monogastric than ruminant • 50% calf’s stomach tissue is the abomasum • 3 phases of development • Preruminate • Diet is just digestible liquid feeds • Transitional • Diet is digestible liquids and starting to digest plant proteins, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and synthesis vitamins • Fully developed • Can consume roughages (Bascom, 2002)

  22. Nutrients in Milk Replacer • Need to understand maintenance energy required by calves • Energy can come from protein, fat, or other nutrients • Quality protein is really expensive • Butterfat, casein, and whey protein • Research is being done to see if milk byproducts are good protein sources (Bascom, 2002)

  23. Process of Making Byproducts (Bascom, 2002)

  24. Pros and Cons to Feeding Whole Milk • Farms feeding whole milk have less mortality • Milk fed is usually not saleable: colostrum/transition milk • No consistency in the milk • Storage problems • Contaminated with antibiotics • Possibility of spreading diseases such as: • Salmonella, Staphlococcusaureaus, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma, and many others • Problems with pasteurizing (Bascom, 2002)

  25. Water • Makes up most of the body • 90% of muscles are water • Big component of rumen development and bacteria development in the rumen • Recommended to give calves free access to water by day 3 of life • Water intake correlated to calf starter intake • Water intake is affected by ambient temperature (Technical Bulletin)

  26. Scours in Calves • Highly affect electrolyte balance • Can be nutritional or viral • Nutritional caused by • Changing milk replacer, changing from whole milk to milk replacer, transport, weather, vaccination, and other stress • Normally temporary • Calves can loose 5 to 10% of there body weight in water with one day of having the scours (Kehoe and Heinrichs)

  27. Scours in Calves • Fluid loss over 8% • Requires calf to have IV of fluids • Fluid loss over 14% • Calf is dead • Need to monitor calves • Pinch test or capillary refill test • Takes longer than 2 seconds for skin to flatten calf is 8% dehydrated (Kehoe and Heinrichs)

  28. Scours (Koheo and Heinrichs)

  29. Scores of Scours • Fecal Score - 1 to 5 scale • 1 is normal feces • 5 is water/bloody feces • Respiration Score - 1 to 5 scale • 1 is normal breathing • 5 is severe cough and irregular breathing • Appearance Score – 1 to 5 scale • 1 is normal • 5 is calf not wanting to get up (Kehoe and Heinrichs)

  30. Nutrition • Is the backbone of a good production unit • Needs good monitoring and understanding of the needs of the animals

  31. Questions?

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