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Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa

Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa. 1880-1914. Map_22.05.jpg. Map_22.06.jpg. Causes of “New” Imperialism. ECONOMIC motives PRESTIGE and NATIONALISM DOMESTIC POLITICS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and its technological advances SOCIAL DARWINISM WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

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Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa

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  1. Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa 1880-1914

  2. Map_22.05.jpg

  3. Map_22.06.jpg

  4. Causes of “New” Imperialism • ECONOMIC motives • PRESTIGE and NATIONALISM • DOMESTIC POLITICS • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and its technological advances • SOCIAL DARWINISM • WHITE MAN’S BURDEN • MISSIONARY ZEAL

  5. Egypt and modernization • Egypt - great, ancient civilization • after 525 BCE, Egypt was ruled by foreigners, most recently the Ottoman empire. • 1798: Napoleon occupied the country for three years. • After Napoleon, Ottomans appointed an Albanian-born, Turkish general, Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) • Ali began modernizing Egypt

  6. Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)

  7. Egypt and modernization • 1849: Ali died, but Egypt was becoming a locally powerful and almost fully independent state, ruled by Ali’s family • Muhammad Ali’s policies attracted many Europeans to the region • In the port city of Alexandria, more than 50,000 Europeans were living in 1864. • Europeans often served as advisors of one or another, army officers, engineers, doctors etc.

  8. Egypt and modernization • Ismail (r. 1863 to 1879) renewed Muhammad’s Europeanizing of Egypt • Imagined a vast empire in northeast Africa: irrigation networks, cotton production and exports to Europe • Ismail encouraged Egyptians to get a European education and come back • Ismail also borrowed a lot of money from British and French banks

  9. Egypt and modernization • Suez Canal • Took 11 years to (re-)build • Used up to 30,000 forced laborers • 1869: completed by French company • 1875: Ismail forced to sell shares for 4 million pounds to British government

  10. Egypt and modernization • Ismail’s debt problems increased • French and British imposed overseers • Interference provoked nationalist reaction

  11. Egyptian Nationalist Party Colonel Ahmed Arabi

  12. Egypt and modernization • 1879: British and French force Ottomans to remove Ismail • Son Tewfiq takes his place • Arabi increasingly challenges Tewfiq’s authority • 1882: anti-foreigner riots in Alexandria

  13. Egypt and occupation • 1882: British send Navy • Bombard Alexandria • Arabi tries to resist, but soon all of Egypt occupied “temporarily” • Stayed until 1956!

  14. Egypt and occupation • British Consul: General Evelyn Baring (r. 1883-1907) • NEW model for European expansion • densely populated areas • military force • political domination • self-justifying ideology of beneficial reform

  15. King of Belgium, Leopold II (r. 1865-1909) • 1860: "I believe that the moment is come for us to extend our territories. I think that we must lose no time, under penalty of seeing the few remaining good positions seized upon by more enterprising nations than our own.” • 1876: International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo

  16. Henry M. Stanley (1841-1904) • Orphan • Self-made • Wanderer • Journalist • Explorer • Found David Livingstone • 1878: went to work for Leopold

  17. Map_22.05.jpg

  18. Pierre de Brazza (1852-1905) • Explored the north of the Congo river for France

  19. Berlin Conference (1884-1885):Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry

  20. Berlin Conference (1884-1885):Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry • Effective Occupation: “XXXV. The Signatory Powers of the present Act recognize the obligation to insure the establishment of authority in the regions occupied by them on the coasts of the African Continent sufficient to protect existing rights, and, as the case may be, freedom of trade and of transit under the conditions agreed upon.” • Congo Free State • Abolished Slavery Led to the occupation of almost the entire continent

  21. Battle of Khartoum, 1884-85

  22. Battle of Adowa, 1896Menelik II of Ethiopia vs. Italy

  23. Battle of Omdurman, 1898

  24. Battle of Omdurman, 1898: Around 10,000 Ansar were killed, 13,000 wounded,5,000 taken prisonerBritish force lost 48 men with 382 wounded

  25. Fashoda incident, 1898 French: Jean-Baptiste Marchand British: Horatio Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener)

  26. George Washington Williams (1849-1891) • First African American historian • 1889: Leopold II • 1890: Congo Free State to settle African Americans • 1890: wrote Leopold an open letter • 1891: died in Blackpool

  27. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) • Jozef Teodor Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski • Merchant marine • Languages • Congo in 1890 • Heart of Darkness (1899)

  28. Map_22.06.jpg

  29. Consequences of New Imperialism 1. ARMY OF OCCUPATION: Guns and plunder 2. AFRICAN SOCIETY • DEATH • RULES OF SOCIETY • ECONOMY • NEW BORDERS • HUMILIATION

  30. Consequences (cont.) 3. CULTURE 4. CONFLICT AMONGST IMPERIAL POWERS 5. ENCOURAGED EUROPEANS’ SENSE OF SUPERIORITY and RACISM

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