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Evolution of Networking: Catalysts for Change and Major Milestones (1/2)

This chapter explores the key catalysts for change and major milestones in networking, including electromagnetism, the telegraph, telephone, typewriter, teletype, radio, television, remote computing, ARPANET, email, internet, and NSFNET. Learn about the technological advancements that shaped the way we communicate and connect.

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Evolution of Networking: Catalysts for Change and Major Milestones (1/2)

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  1. Chapter 1 Catalysts for Change

  2. Milestones in Networking (1/2) • Electromagnetism (early 1800s) • Telegraph (1844) • Telephone (1876) • Typewriter and teletype (1873, 1908) • Radio (1895) • Television (1927)

  3. Milestones in Networking (1/2) • Remote computing (1940) • ARPANET (1969) • Email (1972) • Internet (1983) • NSFNET • Broadband

  4. Electricity and Electromagnetism • Volta invents battery (1799) • Oersted shows electricity creates magnetic field (1820) • Sturgeon constructs electromagnet (1825) • Henry uses electromagnetism to communicate (1830)

  5. Telegraph (1844) • U.S. government funded first line • 40 miles from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore • Built by Samuel Morse in 1843-1844 • Private networks flourished • 12,000 miles of lines in 1850 • Transcontinental line in 1861 • 200,000 miles of lines by 1877 • Technology proved versatile • Fire alarm boxes • Police call boxes

  6. Telephone (1876) • Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) • Constructed harmonic telegraph • Leveraged concept into first telephone • Social impact of telephone • Blurred public life / private life boundary • Eroded traditional social hierarchies • Reduced privacy • Enabled first “online” communities

  7. Typewriter and Teletype • Typewriter (1873) • Individual production of “type set” documents • Common in offices by 1890s • Teletype (1908) • Typewriter connected to telegraph line • Popular uses • Transmitting news stories • Sending records of stock transactions

  8. Radio (1895) • Pioneers • Hertz creates electromagnetic waves • Marconi invents radio • First used in business • Wireless telegraph • Transmit voices • Entertainment uses • Suggested by Sarnoff • Important entertainment medium by 1930s

  9. Television (1927) • Became popular in 1950s • Price fell dramatically • Number of stations increased • Social effects • Worldwide audiences • Networks strive to be first to deliver news • Impact of incorrect information; e.g., 2000 presidential election

  10. Remote Computing (1940) • Stibitz and Williams build Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs • Bell Labs part of AT&T (phone company) • Teletype chosen for input/output • Allows operator to be distant from machine • Long-distance demonstration between New Hampshire and New York City

  11. ARPANET (1969) • DoD creates ARPA in late 1950s • Licklider conceives of “Galactic Network” • Decentralized design to improve survivability • Packet-switching replaces circuit switching

  12. Email (1972) • Creation • Tomlinson at BBN writes software to send, receive email messages • Roberts creates email utility • Current status • One of world’s most important communication technologies • Billions of messages sent in U.S. every day

  13. Internet (1983) • Kahn conceives of open architecture networking • Cerf and Kahn design TCP/IP protocol • Internet: network of networks communicating using TCP/IP

  14. NSFNET • Created by National Science Foundation • Provided access grants to universities • Encouraged commercial subscribers for regional networks • Banned commercial traffic on NSFNET Backbone • Private companies developed long-distance Internet connections • After private networks established, NSF shut down NSFNET Backbone

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