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Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram

VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport The Ship – Technological Limits. Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion. Container shipping started in the 1950s. Rapid growth of ship size.

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Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram

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  1. VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport The Ship – Technological Limits Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram

  2. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion

  3. Container shipping started in the 1950s

  4. Rapid growth of ship size • first-generation ~1000 TEU • Panamax ~4500 TEU • Post-Panamax ~8000 TEU • Megaboxer >12000 TEU since 1988

  5. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion

  6. Several factors limit ship size Technical aspects: - limits for main dimensions - power - ... “Soft” aspects: - available cargo - logistics - intermediate storage - ...

  7. Logistics may pose stricter limits Questions to discuss: - Do we have enough cargo to fill larger ships?- Is it more economical to serve different slings?- Do the economies of scale in transport outweigh the costs for dredging, crane infrastructure, etc?- Will the same turn-over time in port be feasible?- ...

  8. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion

  9. Building facilities ? Can we build bigger container ships? Source: Hansa

  10. No problem million-ton docks exist... Source: Mitsubishi H.I.

  11. How about locks ? Will they pass through the main shipping routes? Source: Hansa

  12. Panama Canal as “bottleneck” New locks: lock ship length 427.0 m 365.76 m width 55.0 m 48.77 m depth 18.3 m 15.24 m “New Panamax”: 12000...13500 TEU

  13. “New Panamax” up to 13.400 TEU Loa = 365.60 m < 365.76 m B = 48.60 m < 48.77 m T = 15.00 m < 15.24 m • all present vessels in Korea have this design based on co-operative study of GL / HHI

  14. Draught Ship Size in TEU No increase in draught – Limits reached

  15. Offshore ports discussed in media

  16. How about cranes ? Outreach ?Will we need new terminals?

  17. Crane Outreach – Limits approached No new terminals,but width “limited”

  18. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion

  19. Container ships need a lot of power Main engine of 8200 TEU container ship: Max. power:68650 kW 12 cylinder, 160 t/cylinder Fuel consumption: 230 t/day at 25 kn

  20. New diesels for bigger ships Single engine concept so far maintained JIT growth of diesel engines

  21. So far just more cylinders added Single Propeller / 2 Stroke Engine 12 Cylinder P = 68.500 kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2150 t L = 24,6 m 14 Cylinder P = 80.000 kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2400 t L = 28 m 16 Cylinder P = 92.000 kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2650 t L = 31,5 m

  22. Limits reached for propeller loading Rudder cavitation as consequence of high propeller loading

  23. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion

  24. Global strength – No problem Global strength analyses performed by GL

  25. Slamming loads & whipping – No problem Dynamic analyses performed by GL

  26. Steel thickness no limiting factor Welding technologyhas progressedUltra-high tensile steels under development 78 mm

  27. How about stacking containers?

  28. Limits reached in practice ISO standard and GL rules limit stackingMore tiers only for lower weight of containersa. 32 t per 40‘ container for 10 tierb. 29 t per 40‘ container for 11 tierc. 26 t per 40‘ container for 12 tier

  29. Larger dynamic forces on deck

  30. 34.30 m 32.46 m Stacking limits reasonable height 67 m from keel to funnel ~ 7.0 m 3.4 m 8 tiers = 23.168m Air draught up to 56.0 m

  31. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion

  32. Conclusion • Growth of container ships not yet finished • Strength of containers limits height • “Maximum” draught reached • Global strength can be handled by advanced engineering • Twin-engine, twin-screw ships can push power limit Larger ships technically feasible

  33. ? The End ? Thank you for your attention

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