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Exploring Linguistic Landscapes: Levels of Language Structures

Learn about phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and intonation while investigating linguistic landscapes and language varieties. Discover the impact of accents, dialects, and markedness in public language displays.

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Exploring Linguistic Landscapes: Levels of Language Structures

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  1. SchoolKidsInvestigatingLanguage &Life inSociety 1 February 2015 Lesson 3: Linguistic Landscapes & Levels of Linguistic Structure Teaching Fellows Anna Bax and Katie Jan

  2. Vocabulary Review • Accent: The way words sound—pronunciation, emphasis, rhythm. • Dialect: A particular form of language that is spoken by a specific region or social group. • Language: Not mutually comprehensible. Recognized politically and institutionally supported. • Variety: the linguistic/scientific cover term for all three

  3. Linguistic Landscapes • Where was this photo taken? • What is the photo of? What kind of public language is it? (Street sign, advertisement, billboard, etc.) • How many languages can you see? • What is the relative status of the languages? How can you tell? • Who wrote the text? Who is the intended audience? • Is (at least some of) it in another language besides English? If so, why do you think this language is included? • Is there a translation? Why/why not? Is it translated well or awkwardly? Is it even correct? • Is there anything you don’t understand? • Is there anything else that stands out to you about the use of language?

  4. Markedness • Categories, identities, language • Unmarked • Thought of as “natural,” “normal,” or “ordinary,” and therefore less visible • The Panthers, a man • Marked • Thought of as somehow different than the norm • The Lady Panthers, a gay man

  5. Levels of Linguistic Structure • Phonology • Morphology • Lexicon • Syntax • Intonation / Prosody

  6. Phonology • Phonology = all the patterns in a language that directly involve sounds. Rules for “sound systems” of languages. • Phoneme = a single sound of a language. • Phonemes are contrastive if they can change the meaning of the words they belong to. • Kill vs. kiss vs. kick • Cat vs. rat vs. bat

  7. Morphology • Morphology =rules for how “chunks” of meaning get combined into words • Morpheme = a meaningful unit of language than cannot be further divided into smaller parts. • Prefix, suffix, root. • Free morphemes can stand on their own. • Bound morphemes have to be attached to other morphemes.

  8. Syntax • Syntax = the rules for combining words into sentences. Also known as “grammar.” • These rules are so natural we don’t even need to learn them - babies learn to speak their native language perfectly without ever taking an English class. • Subject • Verb • Object • Subject • Object • Verb

  9. Lexicon • Lexicon = differences in vocabulary

  10. Intonation / Prosody • Intonation = the patterns of stress and rhythm; the rise and fall of a voice • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc7quH-i_0w • Say the following sentence, each time stressing a different word: • I didn’t say we should kill him. • I didn’t say we should kill him. • I didn’t say we should kill him. Howyou say something affects its meaning!

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