POPULATION and Urban Development

1. POPULATION and Urban Development EQ: 1. What things would cause people to leave a certain place? 2. What factors would cause people to move to a certain place?

2. PUSH & PULL FACTORS The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place. The pull factor is what draws people to a new location.

3. Migration – Push & Pull Factors • Most people move because of economic or political reasons • Pushed from a bad situation • Less developed country • Pulled to a better situation • More developed country, access to resources, better economy • People also move from rural to urban areas • Huge demand on city infrastructure and economy • Job market, living quarters

4. Urban Development - 3 Basic Land Use Patterns • Residential – Single family housing and apartments • Commercial – Used for private businesses and retail. • Industrial - Areas reserved for manufacturing

5. Important Terms • Urban sprawl – Growth without planning and separating residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial areas • CBD – Central Business District

6. Key Understandings • People are not distributed equally on the earth’s surface • The world’s population continues to grow, but at different rates in different regions

7. What would it look like if the world’s population was reduced to 100 people? http://www.100people.org/statistics_100stats.php

8. REGIONS Part of the Earth’s surface that are alike or connected in some way, such as by politics, economics, culture, or environment. 1) Formal Region, 2) Functional Region, and 3) Perceptual Region

9. DEMOGRAPHY Demography: The study of population Demographer: A person who studies demography Demographics: the statistical data of a population showing age, gender, income, education, etc.

10. GLOBALIZATION Describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.

11. Global Population Distribution Population Distribution of the Earth is uneven due to factors such as climate, landscape, transportation routes, and available resources. There are FOUR centers of heavy population in the world These areas contain more than 70% of the Earth’s population

12. Eastern Asia has the greatest concentration of people on Earth – it is centered in China and has 21% of Earth’s population. • 2) Southern Asia is the second largest concentration of • people – it is centered in India and has 16% of the Earth’s pop.

13. 3) Western Europe is the third largest concentration. In Western Europe people are concentrated near natural resources needed for industry.

14. East Central North America is the fourth largest center concentrated in the NE US and SE Canada. • In the US, the chain of cities start from the city of Boston to south of Washington DC. • - This is called a megalopolis.

15. Africa has 12% of the Earth’s population. Largest cluster of people found in the Nile River Valley. Cairo is the largest city in Africa.

16. South America is lightly populated compared with other continents. Patterns of people live along the edges of the continent – SE Buenos Aires in Argentina, Montevideo in Uruguay, and Rio de Janeiro and Recife in Brazil.

17. Australia has the fewest number of people. They are concentrated along the eastern and southern coasts. (17.5 million people total on the entire continent. – as much as the NYC metro area)

18. North Pole

19. World Population by Continent

20. Population Density • The number of people in a unit of space • Example: 8,000 people per square mile

21. Population Density

22. Population Issues – The 20th century world population "explosion," from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 in 2000, was a direct result of the rapid decline in mortality rates in less developed countries. As death rates declined, life expectancy rose, leading to higher population. • Population explosion issues: • how to increase food supplies • how to make better use of farmland • how to improve eating habits and to take advantage of resources • how to find new sources of food.

23. Food Supply • The rate of population growth was more than the amount of food produced. • More than 13 million to 18 million people die each year because they do not have a good diet. • (35,000 a day; 24 a minute – most are children) • More land is needed for agriculture • Productive farming methods • More productive farming techniques • Using new food sources • New sources of food • Today 90% of the world’s food comes from 15 crops and 7 livestock animals. • There are more than 10 million kinds of plants and animals on Earth.

24. LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT & STANDARD OF LIVING

25. Birth & Fertility Rate • Birth Rate: number of live births per 1000 people • Fertility Rate: average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

26. Death Rates • Death (Mortality) Rate– number of deaths per 1000 people • Infant Mortality Rate– number of deaths among infants under 1 year old, per 1000 live births

27. Rate of Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase: the percentage a population grows in one year Birth Rate minus Death Rate = Rate of Natural Increase

28. “The J Curve”

30. Over Population • Over Population: the number of people exceeds the resources available in an area • Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms a piece of land can support without negative effects.

31. POPULATION PYRAMIDS

32. Population Pyramids • Graph that shows the percentage of population in certain age groups • Separates Male and Female • Allows you to make predictions

33. Deciphering Population Pyramids • http://www.prb.org/Multimedia/Video/2009/distilleddemographics1.aspx In this first video, "Deciphering Population Pyramids," PRB senior demographer Carl Haub shows how population pyramids give us a snapshot of a country's demographic profile. But what do they tell us about a country's past and future? "These videos not only show that demography can be exciting, but also highlight how population trends and issues affects the well-being of us all," says Haub. "Fertility, mortality, and migration—along with other demographic issues—play a major role in determining what kind of opportunities and challenges people face in their communities and countries."

34. Stage One • High Birth Rate • High Death Rate • Result: slow growth rates • Pre-industrial, hunter/gatherer societies in remote areas.

35. Stage Two • High Birth Rate • Low or Falling Death Rate • Result: Rapid Growth Rate • Very LOW Standard of Living • Found In Least Developed Countries • South America • Southern Africa • Asia

36. Stage Three • Moderate to High Birth Rate • Low Death Rate • Result: Explosive Growth Rates • Causes a large population increase, but standard of living remains low • Developing Countries and the Newly Industrialized Countries • Found In Countries: • Mexico • Southeast Asia • Middle East

37. Stage Four • Low birth rates • Low death rates • Result: slow or no growth rates • Population slowly increases, with a high standard of living • Developed Countries • USA • Canada • Australia • Europe

38. Stage Five • Negative Birth Rate • NEGATIVE or NO GROWTH • Low Death Rate • Result: No growth, even population loss • Population begins to shrink, usually has a high standard of living • Found In “Post-Developed” Countries • Germany • Sweden • Norway • Italy

39. Rapid, Slow, Zero and Negative Population Growthhttp://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/harvey/lect/images/agestructure.gif High fertility and mortality = broad base Low fertility and mortality = narrow base

40. Demographic Transition Model • Complex line graph that categorizes a country based on: - Birth Rate - Death Rate - Population Growth • Determines: 1) Growth, 2) Standard of Living, and 3) Level of industrialization

41. Key Questions and Terminology • Key Questions: Where is the world’s population increasing and decreasing?What do these measures tell us about a country’s population?What kind of general trends can we develop using these trends? • Population trends can be determined by the natural increase, fertility, and mortality. • The natural increase rate (NIR) measures the population growth. It is computed by dividing the crude birth rate (CBR) by the crude death rate (CDR). The CBR is the total number of births for every 1,000 people in a year. The CDR is the total number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a year. • Fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of births in a society; it is the average number of children that each woman has throughout their life. • Mortality can be measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR) which is the number of deaths each year of infants under a year of age compared to the total number of births. • Life expectancy which measures the average life span of a newborn can expect at current mortality levels.

42. The Demographic Transition

43. The Demographic Transition Stage One: CBR (Country Birth Rate) - very high CDR (Country Death Rate) - very high NRI (Natural Rate Increase) - low Population Growth: Low Movement from Stage One to Stage Two: MDC- Industrial Revolution LDC- Medical Revolution Stage Two: CBR- very high CDR- plummets NIR- high Population Growth: High Movement from Stage Two to Stage Three: Changes in Social customs and improved technology

44. Demographic Transition Stage Three: CBR: Drops quickly CDR: Falling put slower than before NIR: slows Population Growth: Moderate Movement from Stage Three to Stage Four: greater gender equity, more women working and improved birth control Stage Four: CBR: low CDR: low NIR: low Population Growth: Low

45. Demographic Transition Examples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic transition: Stage One: A few remote groups Stage Two: Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde Stage Three: East Asia, Latin America, Middle East China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile Stage Four: Some in Western Europe to United Kingdom, Denmark Stage Five: Germany, United States, Japan

46. Demographic Transition Model

47. Summary • The TFR or total fertility rate, and IMR or Infant mortal rate help compose each countries overall Natural Increase rate, or the percentage by which a population grows in a year. • In LDC’s a lack of contraceptives contributes to the high fertility rate, poor health care, as well as unsanitary conditions lead to high mortality rates. This keeps LDC’s in stage 2 or 3 of the demographic transition.  • In MDC’s the IMR (infant mortality rate) has significantly decrease due to the industrial revolution which promoted sanitation and improved health care.   Due to the decreasing IMR, MDC’s began encouraging smaller families and an increase use of contraceptives decreased MDC’s overall total fertility rate. • This lowering in the fertility rate helps MDC’s enter stage 4 of the demographic transition model where the population begins leveling off, and find an equilibrium.  • However, MDC’s mortality rate is actually higher then that of LDC’s due to the fact that those living during prior stages of the demographic transition are beginning to die off.