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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. 1- PIUITARY GLAND. a- Divisions: 1- Anterior pituitary: GH, prolactin, TSH ,ACTH ,FSH and LH. 2- Posterior pituitary: ADH and oxytocin. GROWTH HORMONE (GH). a-FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE: 1- Growth and development: indirect effect on bones ( somatomedins ).

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. 1- PIUITARY GLAND a- Divisions: 1- Anterior pituitary: GH, prolactin, TSH ,ACTH ,FSH and LH. 2- Posterior pituitary: ADH and oxytocin.

  3. GROWTH HORMONE (GH) • a-FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE: • 1- Growth and development: indirect effect on bones (somatomedins). • 2- Metabolic functions; • i- Protein: anabolic. • ii- Lipids : lipolytic. • iii- Carbohydrates : hyperglycemic.

  4. b- Abnormalities of GH secretion: 1- Hyposecretion: Dwarfism. 2- Hypersecretion : Gigantism and acromegaly.

  5. Dwarfism Short stature Retarded soft tissue growth Proportionate rate of growth No mental retardation

  6. Functions of posterior pituitary hormones: 1- ADH(vasopressin) 1- water reabsorption from kidneys. 2- vasoconstriction of blood vessels( most potent) 2- Oxytocin 1- uterine contraction. 2- milk ejection.

  7. 2- THYROID GLAND • a- Functions of T3 and T4: • 1- Calorogenic effect: increase O2 consumption. • 2- Metabolic effects: anabolic, lipolytic and hyperglycemic effects. • 3- CVS : increase HR, COP,ABP. • 4- GIT: increase appetite, secretion and motility. • 5- CNS: development and myelination of NS.

  8. b- Abnormalities of thyroid gland: • 1- Hyperthyroidism: Grave,sdiasease. • 2- Hypothyroidism: • i- during childhood: cretinism. • Ii- during adulthood: myxedema.

  9. Cretinism Swollen eyelid Depressed nose, wide nostrils Enlarged protruded tongue between two thick lips

  10. Myxedematous swelling of the face Sparse hair

  11. 3- PARTHYROID GLANDS. • a- Functions of PTH (Hypercalcemic) • 1- Bone. • 2- Kidneys. • 3- GIT. • b- Effect of hyposecretion : (Tetany)

  12. 4- ADRENAL GLAND • a- Divisions: • 1- Adrenal cortex: Corticosteroids. • Aldosterone, cortisol and adrenal androgens. • 2- Adrenal medulla : Catecholamines.

  13. Functions of corticosteroids ❇a- Aldosterone:increases blood sodium level and decreases blood potassium and hydrogen levels. ❇b- Cortisol: 1- Metabolic effects: catabolic, lipolytic and hyperglycemic. 2- Anti-allergic effect. 3- Anti- inflammatory effect. 4- Anti- stress effect.

  14. Abnormalities o f adrenal cortical secretion: 1- Hypoadrenalism: Addison disease. 2- Hyperadrenalism : Cushing syndrome.

  15. Sites of melanin pigmentation: 1)- Mucous membrane of lips &gums 2)- Skin ( pressure areas, aerola of the nipple) 3)- recent scars

  16. Cushing syndrome Moon face Plethoric face Buffalo hump Abdominal obesity

  17. Functions of catecholamines • The same effects like sympathetic nervous system • 1- Nervous system. • 2- Eyes. • 3- CVS. • 4- Respiration. • 5- Liver. • 6- Spleen

  18. 5- ENDOCRINE PANCREAS • Islets of Langerhans: • 1- Alpha cells: glucagon. • 2- Beta cells: insulin. • 3- Delta cells: somatostatin.

  19. Functions of insulin • 1- Decreases blood glucose level (hypoglycemic effect) • 2- Increases lipid formation (lipogenic effect) • 3- Increases protein formation (anabolic effect)

  20. Effect of insulin deficiency( Diabetes mellitus) Diabetes mellitus( DM) is manifested by: 1- Hyperglycemia. 2- Polyuria. 3- Polydipsia. 4- Polyphagia with weight loss.

  21. THANKS

  22. QUESTIONS

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