Exploration Late 1400’s, 1500’s

1. ExplorationLate 1400’s, 1500’s When one group suffers, another group prospers.

2. You are leading a mission to Planet X, a newly discovered planet in our galaxy. Very little is know about this planet other than its existence. • Why do you want to go explore Planet X? What are your goals for this mission?

3. Essential Questions • 1. What were the causes and/or motivations for exploration? • 2. How is exploration an example of cultural diffusion? • 3. How did cultural diffusion through exploration impact societies?

4. What did Europe know?

5. Why start exploring? • God • Europeans wanted to convert people to Christianity (spread the word) • Missionaries = those who travel to new areas to spread their religion

6. Gold • Spices, raw materials = $ • Eliminate the Italian & Muslim middlemen

7. Portugal Italy Ottoman Empire Spain China India 7

9. Glory • Renaissance -> spirit of inquiry • Honor to their name, desire to be the first country to claim • Bragging Rights

10. Put it together: • Create a cartoon that includes the three motivations for exploration in ONE unified picture. 10

11. Why now? • Technological Advances • Created sturdier ships called caravels • Triangular sails can sail against the wind • Navigation techniques • astrolabe and compass Why are these advances important for exploration?!

12. Create an Analogy The Caravel/Astrolabe/Compass Exploration is to Text Relationship: A technological change that enables the event AS... Reformation is to

13. Space Exploration • 1. Read the article titled “ The Real Reasons We Explore Space” with a partner. • 2. Compare and Contrast the motives for European exploration with the motives for space exploration though a venn diagram or chart. • 3. Answer the following questions in complete sentences • Do you agree with the author’s argument about the reasons for space exploration? Why or why not? • Do you think space exploration is more, less, or equally as important as the European age of exploration? Why or why not? • Based on what we learned about the motivations for exploration, the context for european exploration, and the innovations of the time, what do you think would have to change to spur a greater interest in America in space exploration? Why? How is this similar to European exploration? How can our study of exploration relate to modern day exploration?! 9

14. Explorers Portuguese Henry the Navigator - Funded exploration Vasco da Gama (1498) - India Cabral (1501) - Brazil Spain Columbus (1492) - Caribbean Ferdinand Magellan (1519)- Circumnavigated the globe Hernando Cortes (1519) - Mexico Francisco Pizzaro (1532) - South America

15. What did they find?

16. Match the following answers and questions 1. This motive relates to European desire for new raw materials A: Gold 2. He is a portuguese Prince who funded exploration B. Vasco da Gama C. Astrolabe 3. He is a spanish explorer that was the first to sail around the world D. Glory 4. Missionaries were motivated by this reason for exploration E. God 5. European countries wanted to be the first to explore new areas for bragging rights. F. Magellan 6. A technological innovation that allowed explorers to find where they are going G. Henry the Navigator 7. A Portuguese explorer who sailed to India and spurred interest in Indian spices

17. What was the impact of exploration? • 1. Effects on Native Populations • 2. European Empires Begin • 3. Columbian Exchange • 4. Commercial Revolution 17

18. Impact of Exploration 1. Effects on Native Populations • Death by Disease • Conquered • Converted • Enslaved 18

19. Effects on Native Populations:Disease • Native American populations dropped due to smallpox, measles, malaria and the flu- about 80%

21. Effects on Native Populations:Conquered • Conquistadors = European explorers who conquered large populations in Central and South America • Cortes ( Aztecs in Mexico) • Pizzaro (Incas in Peru) 19

22. Cortes Pizzaro

23. Effects on Native Populations:Conquered • Why were these conquistadors able to conquer such large populations? • Cortes • Resembled Aztec god • Made allies of native Aztec enemies • Had guns and artillery • Diseases 23

24. Effects on Native Populations:Conquered • Pizzaro • Kidnapped ruler Atahulpa and killed him after receiving ransom

25. Effects on Native Populations:Converted • Native populations were forced to convert to Christianity by missionaries • Leads to loss of cultural heritage 25

26. Effects on Native Populations:Enslavement • Native populations enslaved under the Encomienda System • Native populations enslaved and forced to farm or ranch for European landowners • In Central and South America • Named for large farms/ranches called Encomiendas 26

27. Connecting History Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 where he pens the famous phrase “the end justifies the means” after Columbus’ voyages beginning in 1492. Based on the Columbus point/counterpoint article answer the following questions 1. Do you think Machiavelli would have agreed with Columbus’ actions? Why or why not? 2. Do you think the interactions between explorers and natives had to happen the way it did or could this interaction have been different in history? Why or why not? * Hint: think about where each group’s mindset and the time period 3. Do you think exploration was a good thing? Why or why not?

28. HW • You are one of the remaining Native Aztecs who has survived the conquering of your city by Cortes and experienced life both before and after the arrival of the Spanish. As an old man/woman you are reflecting on your life and the changes that have occurred • Your job - write a letter to your son/daughter referencing the four effects of European exploration on native populations

29. Impact of Exploration • 2. Beginning of Empire building - European countries claimed territories in new world

30. 3. Columbian Exchange • Exchange of plants, animals, people, disease and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere after 1492 • What are some items that are exchanged?

31. Impact of Exploration • 4. Commercial Revolution • Joint Stock Companies • Many investors together funded exploration • Mercantilism • Wealth = power • Increase wealth in two ways • 1. More gold and silver • 2. Favorable balance of trade (sell more than you buy) 31

32. Mercantilism continued.. • A country must be self-sufficient • A colony exists for the parent country to provide either gold, silver, raw materials

33. Mercantilism 33

34. The Pros and Cons • Identify the pros and cons of exploration. Create a T chart to show this information. You need to have at least 3 pros and cons 34

35. What about Non-European Exploration?! • China • Ming Dynasty • Great Ming Naval Expeditions 35

36. Chinese Exploration (1405-1433) • Zheng He sailed from the Indian Ocean as far as Africa • 300 ship fleets • Demonstrated Ming China’s power • After Zheng He, China stopped funding explorers and turned to isolationism - Why? 36

37. Why become isolated? • Voyages were expensive • European traders • Christian missionaries Why would this cause isolation? • Potential loss of tradition

38. http://famoustraveler.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.html

39. Results of being Isolated • Smugglers still brought in products • Failed to keep up with European advances