1914-1918: The World at War

1. 1914-1918:The Worldat War By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S.Chappaqua, NYAnd Mrs. Sophia CaramagnoMountain View H.S. Mountain View, CA

2. Please talk quietly with your group March 2HW: Chapter 13, Sec. 2- Cornell Notes • Please find your project partners and write out on a single piece of paper what each person in your group will do for this project. • Make sure you know what Must be done and who will do each part. • Turn this in when you are done. • Please also put away books and pass back papers.

3. Part 2:Technology, Trenches and the Western Front

4. WWI: Technology Key words Notes Vocab Definitions Green Questions Answers Summary: Please set up page 66A in your notebook in Cornell Note Form.

5. A Multi-Front War

6. What problems will Germany have fighting Both France and Russia?

7. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition” Attrition- the constant gradual loss of personnel and resources

8. Trench Warfare Artillery Cannon Machine Gun Trench

9. Trench Warfare

10. Dangers of Life in the Trenches of WWI Poison Gas Mortars Bombs Machine Guns Machine Guns Cannons Cannons No Man’s Land Periscope Water, Mud, and Disease Barbed Wire Barbed Wire Dead Bodies Decomposing Injured Soldiers Trapped in Craters Shell Shock Giant Rats

11. Please do not talk at this time March 3 Return to your WWI: Technology notes and add this question-Of the following Dangers in Trench Warfare, which is the most terrifying? Which one is most likely to kill you? Which is the worst way to die? • Poison Gas • Machine Guns • Mortars • Rats • Disease • Drowning

12. Trench Warfare: “No Man’s Land” No Man’s Land- This stretch of land between the two enemy lines earned its name because no one could get across it alive. Machine gun bullets, poison gas, dead bodies, craters from bombs, mortars, explosive shells, rats and injured enemy soldiers who were slowly dying of thirst and their wounds made this land deadly. 3. How will the horror of No Man’s Land affect the people that survive WWI?

13. Poison Gas Poison Gas- Another deadly weapon, there were three main kinds of poison gas used. Each was heavier than air and would sink into the trenches. They were usually some kind of acid and killed by melting the soft tissue of victims like lungs and eyes. Gas was dangerous to use because it could be blown over your own side. Machine Gun Machine Guns- Machine guns could fire up to 600 bullets per minute. That is 10 bullets per second. The guns were placed to overlap their bullet streams. That kind of firepower perforated every soldier who ran against them. No one lived. In the battle of the Somme, a single side, the British, lost 58,000 men in a single day.

14. Gas: ChlorineGas- Asphyxiant- Death by suffocation, turns water in lungs and eyes to hydrochloric acid. Xylyl Bromide- Tearing Agent- inflammation of soft tissue including mouth, nose and eyes so as to cause blindness and suffocation. Mustard Gas- Blistering Agent- Acid on the skin, burns all soft tissue in contact with water like sweat or rain, like armpits, eyes, etc. Guns: Machine Guns: Heavy: 400 – 600 rounds per minute Light: 250 – 600 rounds per minute Artillery: Howitzers Light: Shells- 35-95 lbs. Range- 8-11K Yards Heavy: Shells- 100 – 1700 lbs. Range- 8-30K Yards

15. Artillery “Big Bertha” Artillery- Artillery cannons fired mortars, explosive shells and bombs nearly every hour of every day. The noise was so loud that soldiers could not sleep for their two week turn at the front. They suffered excessive sleep deprivation, hallucinations and collapse at best and if they were actually hit by a bomb, they could suffer death, dismemberment or be buried alive by collapsing trenches. Survivors often broke down. Suffering Shell Shock, they went into a kind of waking coma. Many never recovered from this mental disorder. The bombs and mortars left huge craters in No Man’s Land which later filled with water and rats.

16. Disease- Torrential rains left the trenches a swamp and everything rotted. Soldiers drowned when they were knocked unconscious. Bodies of dead comrades decomposed into the bottoms of trenches and craters. Skin rotted off the flesh of those who were living but couldn’t get out of the water. Soldiers got sick, and vomit and human waste filled the bottoms of the trenches as well. In these conditions, food and water went bad too. Nothing was safe. Soldiers also suffered from shell shock as their nervous systems shut down under the constant threat of death and the constant noise of bombs. Shell Shock Trench Foot

17. These men are promised glory and honor for joining the war to prove their nation the best. They come home broken in body, mind and spirit.What demands do you think they will put on the soldiers who take their place at the front?

18. Tanks French English German

19. British Tank at Ypres Tanks were the only weapon developed during the war that could keep people alive in the trenches and in “No Man’s Land.” Armored against small shells and machine gun bullets, they used caterpillar tracks to get over the craters and ditches of the trenches. Trench fighting comes to an end, at last, with tanks.

20. This was the last Trench War (we haven't had another since), but not the end of Tanks.If tanks were invented to win a trench war, why do we still use them today?

21. Please do not talk at this time March 4/5HW: Prepare for your Library Day. Print out extra copies of your Research Log. Choose a topic to investigate.Finish your Technology Packet Questions!Get out your Notes on WWI Technology out. We will finish these today!

22. U-Boats Submarines: Death under water. Sank supply and passenger ships for Germany.

23. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats 1916 -1917 1917 - 1918

24. The Air War Airplanes- Bi-Planes Zeppelins- Giant Blimps Originally, these air vehicles were used for reconnaissance (to spy from the air on the enemy’s position), but later machine guns were attached and bombs were loaded. Then, Zeppelins and airplanes were used to bomb the enemy in the trenches and along strategic centers like railway lines and telegraph lines.

25. The Airplane

26. The Flying Aces of World War I These men were some of the few recognizable heroes of the war. FrancescoBarraco, It. Eddie Rickenbacher, US Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br. Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.[The “RedBaron”] Rene PaukFonck, Fr. Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

27. The Zeppelin

28. See United Streaming • Silent Film Classic- 26:00

29. Technology Packets: • Find a partner. • Get a packet and a set of Questions. • Read the packet together. • Answer the questions on your own sheet of paper (one per person) in Complete Sentences. • Number your answers but you do not need to write the questions. • Packets and questions will be on line if you do not finish in class.